dy/dx = y,y(0) = 1 → y(1) ≈ 2.593742(精确值 e,误差 0.124539) h = 0.1 时 Euler 迭代为 y_{n+1} = 1.1·y_n,故 y(1) = 1.1¹⁰ = 2.593742。与精确解 y = e^x(y(1) = e = 2.718282)相比绝对误差 0.124539——这是一阶方法的代价。Euler's explicit method
dy/dx = f(x, y) = y
Start: x0 = 0, y0 = 1 → target x = 1, n = 10 steps, h = 0.1
i x_i y_i f(x_i, y_i)
0 0.000000 1.000000 1.000000
1 0.100000 1.100000 1.100000
…
10 1.000000 2.593742 2.593742
Final estimate: y(1) ≈ 2.593742
Exact y(x) = e^x: y(1) = 2.718282, |error| ≈ 0.124539
dy/dx = x + y,y(0) = 1,5 步到 x = 0.5 → y(0.5) ≈ 1.721020 非自治方程示例:h = 0.1 时斜率 f(x, y) = x + y 每行都重算。精确解 y = 2e^x − x − 1 给出 y(0.5) = 1.797443,Euler 五步估计偏差约 0.076423。Euler's explicit method
dy/dx = f(x, y) = x + y
Start: x0 = 0, y0 = 1 → target x = 0.5, n = 5 steps, h = 0.1
Final estimate: y(0.5) ≈ 1.721020
Exact y(x) = 2e^x - x - 1: y(0.5) = 1.797443, |error| ≈ 0.076423