Compute Punnett square and affected/carrier probabilities for X-linked recessive and dominant traits. Carrier mother × unaffected father → 50% of sons affected; affected father → all daughters affected, no sons. Derived from Morgan 1910, Griffiths, Hartl & Clark 2007, StatPearls. Educational use only.
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Key facts
Category
Education
Input types
select, number
Output type
json
Sample coverage
4
API ready
Yes
Overview
The X-Linked Inheritance Probability Calculator estimates affected and carrier probabilities for offspring using X-linked recessive or dominant inheritance models. Choose the inheritance mode, mother’s genotype, father’s genotype, and optional decimal precision to receive JSON results. Educational use only.
When to use
Estimate affected-son and affected-daughter probabilities for an X-linked recessive trait.
Check how an affected father and unaffected mother may pass on an X-linked dominant trait.
Create a clear genetics example for teaching Punnett-square and inheritance concepts.
How it works
1Select X-linked recessive or X-linked dominant inheritance.
2Choose the mother’s X-chromosome genotype and the father’s genotype.
3Set decimal places from 0 to 8, or use the default precision.
4Run the calculator to receive JSON with affected-child probabilities and relevant carrier results.
Use cases
Teaching X-linked inheritance, carrier status, and crisscross inheritance in genetics courses.
Explaining hemophilia or color-blindness inheritance examples with a carrier mother and unaffected father.
Comparing sex-specific outcomes for X-linked dominant inheritance when the father is affected.
Examples
1. Carrier mother and unaffected father
Genetics student
Background
A student is reviewing the classic X-linked recessive inheritance pattern associated with hemophilia.
Problem
They want to estimate the probability that sons or daughters will be affected or that daughters will be carriers.
How to use
Select X-linked recessive, choose X^A X^a for the mother and X^A Y for the father, then run the calculation.
The result gives a 50% probability for an affected son, 0% for an affected daughter, 25% for an affected child overall, and 50% for a carrier daughter.
2. Affected father and unaffected mother
Biology teacher
Background
A teacher is demonstrating why an affected father passes his X chromosome to daughters but his Y chromosome to sons.
Problem
The class needs to compare the outcomes of an X-linked dominant trait by the child’s sex.
How to use
Select X-linked dominant, choose X^a X^a for the mother and X^A Y for the father, then calculate the probabilities.
FAQ
What inheritance modes does the calculator support?
It supports X-linked recessive and X-linked dominant inheritance.
What genotypes can I select for the mother?
You can select X^A X^A, X^A X^a, or X^a X^a.
What father genotypes are available?
You can select X^A Y or X^a Y.
What does the result include?
The JSON result includes probabilities for affected sons, affected daughters, affected children, and, where applicable, carrier daughters.
Is this calculator medical advice?
No. It is intended for educational use and does not replace professional genetic counseling.
The result gives a 0% probability for an affected son, a 100% probability for an affected daughter, and a 50% probability for an affected child overall.