Elysia Tools

Browse tools, examples, visual explainers, and topic guides from one clear workspace.

Top Categories

Hubs

Language
ZHESPTRUFRDEEN

Elysia Tools

Navigation

Health

Cardiac Output by Thermodilution (Stewart-Hamilton)

· Last updated：2026-08-21

This tool is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical, financial, or legal advice; consult a qualified professional for advice.

Compute CO = V × (T_b − T_i) × 60 × 1.08 / A from a thermodilution curve, with optional cardiac index from BSA (normal 2.5–4.0 L/min/m²). Not medical advice.

Execution

Run this tool

Fill in the form, run the tool, and review the result in one place.

Samples

Examples that match this tool

Related

Continue with connected tools and hubs

Written by the Elysia Tools team

Tool usage guide

Learn when to use this tool, what it supports, and how real users apply it.

Key facts

Category
Health
Input types
number
Output type
json
Sample coverage
4
API ready
Yes

Overview

The Cardiac Output by Thermodilution calculator computes pulmonary blood flow using the Stewart-Hamilton equation from pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz) measurements. By evaluating injectate volume, blood and injectate temperatures, and the integrated temperature-time curve area, it calculates absolute cardiac output (L/min) and optional body surface area-adjusted cardiac index (L/min/m²).

When to use

  • Evaluating hemodynamic blood flow parameters after pulmonary artery catheter placement in intensive care settings.
  • Validating manual or automated thermodilution measurements obtained with iced (0°C) or room-temperature (~21°C) injectates.
  • Normalizing cardiac output against patient body surface area (BSA) to evaluate cardiac index during shock management.

How it works

  1. 1Enter the injectate volume (mL), pulmonary artery blood temperature (°C), and injectate temperature (°C).
  2. 2Provide the area under the thermodilution temperature-time curve (°C·s) reported by the monitoring system.
  3. 3Optionally enter the density factor (default 1.08) and the patient's body surface area (m²).
  4. 4The tool applies the Stewart-Hamilton formula CO = V × (T_b − T_i) × 60 × 1.08 / A to yield cardiac output and cardiac index.

Use cases

  • Verifying monitor-generated hemodynamic parameters in cardiothoracic intensive care units.
  • Tracking cardiac index trends during inotrope or vasopressor titration for shock patients.
  • Providing quantitative examples for hemodynamic physiology teaching and clinical simulation training.

Examples

1. Iced Injectate Hemodynamic Assessment

Critical Care Physician

Background

A postoperative cardiac surgery patient is monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter for hemodynamic stabilization.

Problem

Calculate cardiac output and index using a 10 mL iced injectate at 0°C with an integrated curve area of 4795.2 °C·s and BSA of 1.8 m².

How to use

Input 10 mL for injectate volume, 37°C for blood temp, 0°C for injectate temp, 4795.2 for curve area, and 1.8 m² for BSA.

Outcome

Returns a cardiac output of 5.00 L/min and a normal cardiac index of 2.78 L/min/m².

2. Room-Temperature Injectate Calculation

ICU Nurse

Background

A patient with septic shock undergoes routine bedside cardiac output measurement using room-temperature saline.

Problem

Determine cardiac output using 10 mL saline at 21°C, core blood temperature of 37°C, and a curve area of 2592 °C·s.

How to use

Set injectate volume to 10 mL, blood temp to 37°C, injectate temp to 21°C, and curve area to 2592.

Outcome

Computes a cardiac output of 4.00 L/min within normal physiological resting limits.

FAQ

What is the standard normal range for cardiac output and cardiac index?

Normal resting cardiac output is typically 4.0 to 8.0 L/min, and normal cardiac index is 2.5 to 4.0 L/min/m².

What does the 1.08 density factor represent?

It is a constant accounting for the specific heat and specific gravity ratio between the injectate solution and blood.

Can room-temperature saline be used instead of iced injectate?

Yes, room-temperature saline can be used because the equation automatically accounts for the smaller temperature gradient.

How does curve area relate to cardiac output?

Cardiac output is inversely proportional to curve area; a larger area corresponds to a lower cardiac output.

What conditions can distort thermodilution results?

Severe tricuspid regurgitation, intracardiac shunts, and uneven or slow injection rates can distort curve shape and accuracy.

Home
Tools3201
Samples593
Visualizations465
Viewers103
Hubs233
Tags333
Images, Audio & Video657

Image, audio, and video processing, conversion, and optimization tools

Math, Date & Finance644

Calculators, numerics, date logic, statistics, and finance tools

Design & Color297

Color, layout, graphics, visual styling, and design helper tools

Text & Writing209

Writing, cleanup, formatting, extraction, and text analysis tools

Developer & Web193

Developer utilities, networking, web debugging, and automation helpers

Conversion & Encoding175

Format, file, archive, unit, and encoding conversion tools

FLAC/WAV Source Screening and Evidence Handoff
Self-Hosted Giveaway Widget Review and Embed Handoff
Stripe Promo Code Batch Review and Import Preflight
Batch Photo Culling Review and Editing Shortlist Handoff
UI Screenshot Structure Review and Development Handoff

© 2026 Elysia Tools. All rights reserved.

DocsPricingAboutTerms of ServicePrivacy PolicyCookiesContact
Python

Web Image Processing Python Samples

Web Python image processing examples using PIL/Pillow including reading, saving, resizing, and format conversion

Java

Android Image Processing Java Samples

Android Java image processing examples including reading/saving images, scaling, and format conversion

Kotlin

Android Image Processing Kotlin Samples

Android Kotlin image processing examples including reading/saving images, scaling, and format conversion

Objective-C

macOS Image Processing Objective-C Samples

macOS Objective-C image processing examples including image reading/saving, image scaling, and format conversion

Health

Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa)

Calculate the Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa) to differentiate prerenal from intrinsic acute kidney injury: FENa (%) = [U_Na × S_Cr] / [S_Na × U_Cr] × 100. In oliguric AKI, FENa <1% suggests prerenal azotemia (sodium-avid state: volume depletion, heart failure, hepatorenal syndrome), while FENa ≥1% suggests intrinsic injury (typically ATN). FENa >4% is sometimes cited as supportive of post-obstructive pathology. Caveats: unreliable on diuretics (use FEUrea <35%), contrast/sepsis ATN can present with low FENa, chronic CKD and glucosuria elevate FENa independently. Derived from Espinel CH, JAMA 1976. Most useful in oliguric AKI; interpret with full clinical context. Not medical advice.

Health

IV Drip Rate Calculator (Gravity)

Calculate the gravity (manual) IV drip rate in drops per minute: gtt/min = Volume × Drop factor / Time. Drop factor selectable (macro 10/15/20 or micro 60 gtt/mL). Time may be hours+minutes or minutes; rounded to whole drops with drift warning. Vasoactive/cardiotonic drugs and pediatric infusions must ALWAYS use a pump. Derived from Philips 2007, Macklin 2011, MDCalc, and ISMP. Not medical advice.

Math & Numbers

AHU Coil Capacity Calculator (Cooling / Heating)

Compute the total, sensible, and latent capacity of an air-handling-unit (AHU) coil from the entering/leaving air state and the dry-air mass flow ṁ_da. Total capacity Qt = ṁ_da·(h1 − h2); sensible capacity Qs = ṁ_da·cp_ma·(T1 − T2) with cp_ma ≈ 1.006 + 1.86·W [kJ/(kg da·K)]; latent capacity Ql = Qt − Qs; Sensible Heat Ratio SHR = Qs / Qt. Each state is described by dry-bulb T plus one humidity input (relative humidity φ, or humidity ratio W); W is derived from the Magnus saturation fit when RH is supplied, and enthalpy h = 1.006·T + W·(2501 + 1.86·T) [kJ/kg da]. Signed result — works for cooling or heating coils.

Math & Numbers

Bulk Density & Porosity Calculator

Bulk density and porosity for granular or porous materials. Three-way solver: pick the unknown (ρ_bulk, m, or V) and supply the other two. ρ_bulk = m/V_bulk. Optionally enter the true particle density ρ_true to compute porosity ε = 1 − ρ_bulk/ρ_true, plus relative density against water. SI units (kg, m³, kg/m³).