Spring Compression Energy Calculator

Convert mass flow rate between kg/s (kilograms per second, SI base), lb/h (pounds per hour, 1 lb = 0.45359237 kg), and t/h (tonnes per hour, 1 t = 1000 kg). Converts via kg/s to the target unit and also lists the equivalent value in all three units for reference. Used for boiler feedwater, chemical dosing, fuel consumption, and compressed-gas metering.

Convert volumetric flow rate between m³/h (cubic metres per hour), L/min (litres per minute), gpm (US gallons per minute, 1 gal = 3.785411784 L), and cfm (cubic feet per minute, 1 ft³ = 28.3168466 L). Converts via m³/s to the target unit and also lists the equivalent value in all four units for reference. Used for pumps, HVAC, compressed air, and piping.

Calculate engineering stress σ = F/A and engineering strain ε = ΔL/L₀ under uniaxial load. Choose what to solve: for stress, enter force F (N) and cross-section area A (mm²) → result in MPa; for strain, enter original length L₀ and elongation ΔL (negative for compression) → dimensionless ratio. Units are self-consistent (N, mm) so stress comes out directly in MPa.

Calculate the absolute value of positive, negative, or decimal numbers and explain the sign relationship