Convert angular velocity (angular speed) between radian per second (rad/s, SI base), revolutions per minute (rpm = 2π/60 rad/s), degrees per second (deg/s = π/180 rad/s), and hertz (Hz, used as revolution per second = 2π rad/s). Converts via rad/s to the target unit and lists all four equivalents. Note: 1 Hz in angular-frequency context means one full revolution per second, so 1 Hz = 2π rad/s ≈ 6.283185307 rad/s. Reference: vinyl LP 33⅓ rpm ≈ 3.49 rad/s, car engine idle ~800 rpm ≈ 83.8 rad/s.

Math & Numbers

Radioactivity Converter (Bq / Ci / dpm)

Convert radioactivity (radionuclide activity) between becquerel (Bq, SI base = 1 decay/s), kilo/mega/gigabecquerel, curie (Ci = 3.7×10^10 Bq, exact 1950 ICRU definition, originally the activity of 1 g of radium-226), milli/microcurie, and disintegrations per minute (dpm = 1/60 Bq, exact). Converts via becquerel to the target unit and lists the equivalent value in all eight units. Reference: banana (K-40) ≈ 15 Bq, smoke detector (Am-241) ≈ 37 kBq = 1 µCi.

Math & Numbers

Illuminance Converter (lux / footcandle / phot / nox)

Convert illuminance between lux (lx = lm/m², SI base), kilolux (1 = 1000 lx), footcandle (1 = 10.7639104 lx), phot (1 = 10000 lx), and nox (1 = 0.001 lx). Converts via lux to the target unit and lists the equivalent value in all five units for reference. Reference values: full moon ≈ 0.25, office lighting ≈ 300–500, overcast day ≈ 1000, direct sunlight ≈ 100000 lux.

Math & Numbers

Radiation Absorbed Dose Converter (Gy / rad)

Convert radiation absorbed dose between Gy (gray = J/kg, SI base), kGy (1 = 1000 Gy), cGy (1 = 0.01 Gy), mGy (1 = 0.001 Gy), and rad (1 = 0.01 Gy). Converts via Gy to the target unit and lists the equivalent value in all five units. ⚠️ Absorbed dose is NOT equivalent dose: converting Gy → Sv requires multiplying by the radiation weighting factor w_R (X/γ/β = 1, neutrons 5–20, alpha 20) — use the dose-equivalent converter for that side. Reference values: chest X-ray ≈ 1e-4, CT scan ≈ 1e-2, radiotherapy fraction ≈ 2, whole-body LD50/60 ≈ 4–6 Gy.

Math & Numbers

Radiation Equivalent Dose Converter (Sv / rem)

Convert radiation equivalent dose between Sv (sievert, SI base), mSv (1 = 0.001 Sv), µSv (1 = 1e-6 Sv), rem (1 = 0.01 Sv), and mrem (1 = 1e-5 Sv). Converts via Sv to the target unit and lists the equivalent value in all five units. ⚠️ Equivalent dose is NOT absorbed dose: equivalent dose = absorbed dose (Gy) × radiation weighting factor w_R (X/γ/β = 1, neutrons 5–20, alpha 20). Converting Sv → Gy requires dividing by w_R — use the absorbed-dose converter for that side. Reference values: natural background ≈ 3 mSv/yr, chest CT ≈ 7 mSv, annual occupational limit ≈ 50 mSv/yr, ARS threshold ≈ 1 Sv.

Math & Numbers

Sound Power Level Converter (W / dB Lw re 1 pW)

Convert sound power between linear units (W, mW, µW, pW) and the decibel sound power level dB Lw (Lw = 10·log₁₀(W / 1 pW), reference P₀ = 1 pW = 1e-12 W, per ISO 3744 / IEC 60027-3). Supports bidirectional linear↔logarithmic conversion and reports the equivalent value in all five units. Reference values: whisper ≈ 1e-9 W (Lw ≈ 30), speech ≈ 1e-5 W (Lw ≈ 70), jet engine at 1 m ≈ 1e4 W (Lw ≈ 160).

Math & Numbers

Sound Pressure Level Converter (Pa / dB SPL re 20 µPa)

Convert sound pressure between linear units (Pa, µPa, µbar, mbar) and the decibel sound pressure level dB SPL (Lp = 20·log₁₀(p / 20 µPa), reference p₀ = 20 µPa = 2e-5 Pa RMS, per ISO 1683). Supports bidirectional linear↔logarithmic conversion. Calibration anchor: 1 Pa → 20·log₁₀(1/2e-5) ≈ 94 dB SPL. Reference values: threshold of hearing 20 µPa (0 dB), speech ≈ 0.02 Pa (60 dB), rock concert ≈ 20 Pa (120 dB), pain threshold ≈ 200 Pa (140 dB).

Math & Numbers

Thermal Resistance Converter (K/W / °C/W / °F·h/BTU)

Convert thermal resistance between K/W (kelvin per watt, SI base), °C/W (1 = 1 K/W, since Δ1 K = Δ1 °C exactly), and °F·h/BTU International Table (1 = 1.8956342 K/W). Converts via K/W to the target unit and lists the equivalent value in all three units for reference. Reference values: CPU heatsink ≈ 0.1–0.3, LED thermal path ≈ 5–20, natural convection ≈ 1 K/W.

Math & Numbers

Heat Transfer Coefficient Converter (W/(m²·K) ↔ kcal)

Convert convective heat transfer coefficient (film coefficient h) between W/(m²·K) (watt per square metre-kelvin, SI base, = W/(m²·°C)) and kcal/(m²·h·°C) (1 = 1.1627778 W/(m²·K)). Converts via W/(m²·K) and lists both equivalents. h depends on flow regime and surface, not material. Typical ranges: natural-convection air ≈ 5–25, forced air ≈ 25–250, still water ≈ 100–1000, boiling/condensing water ≈ 2500–50000+ W/(m²·K).

Math & Numbers

Specific Heat Capacity Converter (J/(kg·K) / kcal / BTU)

Convert specific heat capacity between J/(kg·K) (joule per kilogram-kelvin, SI base, = J/(kg·°C)), kcal/(kg·°C) (1 = 4186.8 J/(kg·K)), and BTU/(lb·°F) (1 = 4186.8 J/(kg·K)). Key identity: 1 kcal/(kg·°C) = 1 BTU/(lb·°F) — numerically equal because the energy/mass·temperature factors cancel. Converts via J/(kg·K) and lists all three equivalents. Reference values: water ≈ 4186, air cp ≈ 1005, aluminum ≈ 900, iron ≈ 450 J/(kg·K).

Math & Numbers

Specific Strength & Specific Modulus Calculator

Specific strength = σ/ρ and specific modulus = E/ρ (optional E). Enter strength in MPa and density in g/cm³; output in N·m/kg (also as kN·m/kg). The figure of merit for lightweight design — a material with high strength but high density (e.g. tungsten) often loses to a lighter alloy. Typical values: Ti-6Al-4V ≈ 210 kN·m/kg, Al 7075 ≈ 180, carbon steel ≈ 50–90, CFRP ≈ 1000+.

Math & Numbers

Thermal Conductivity Converter (W/(m·K) / kcal / BTU)

Convert thermal conductivity between W/(m·K) (watt per metre-kelvin, SI base, = W/(m·°C)), kcal/(m·h·°C) (1 = 1.1627778 W/(m·K)), and BTU/(hr·ft·°F) (1 = 1.7307347 W/(m·K)). Converts via W/(m·K) to the target unit and also lists the equivalent value in all three units for reference. Reference values: copper ≈ 401, aluminum ≈ 237, steel ≈ 50, water ≈ 0.6, air ≈ 0.026, insulation foam ≈ 0.03 W/(m·K).