Química
Visualice reacciones químicas y estructuras moleculares
35 visualizations
Acid-Base Indicators - 酸碱指示剂
Interactive visualization of acid-base indicators - Explore pH color changes, titration with multiple indicators (litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, bromothymol blue, methyl red, thymol blue), pH-to-color mapping, indicator transition ranges (pH = pKa ± 1), indicator equilibrium (HIn ⇌ H⁺ + In⁻), Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (pH = pKa + log([In⁻]/[HIn])), color interpolation using sigmoid function, titration scene animation with burette droplets, pH meter display, multiple indicators comparison grid, pH color spectrum (0-14), color transition range visualization, and comprehensive educational content covering indicator mechanism, equilibrium principles, common indicators and their ranges, choosing the right indicator for different titration types (strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base, strong acid-weak base), pH calculation during titration, real-world applications in volumetric analysis, pH paper, biological systems, food industry, environmental testing, and universal indicator. Features adjustable parameters for pH value (0-14), acid/base concentration, acid volume, base volume, titration speed, indicator selection, display options (show all indicators, show transition range, animate color changes), and quick pH presets (strong acid 0, weak acid 3, neutral 7, weak base 11, strong base 14). Perfect for chemistry education, laboratory training, and understanding acid-base titration principles
pH Calculator - pH计算器
Interactive pH calculator - Explore pH calculation for strong/weak acids and bases, titration curves with acid-base indicators, logarithmic pH scale (pH = -log[H⁺]), hydrogen ion concentration [H⁺] vs pH relationship, water autoionization constant (Kw = 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C), strong acid (pH = -log c), strong base (pH = 14 - pOH), weak acid ([H⁺] = √(Ka·c)), weak base ([OH⁻] = √(Kb·c)), pH indicator color scale (0-14), titration simulation with equivalence point detection, comparison between strong and weak acids, concentration range 10⁻⁷ to 10¹ M, Ka/Kb range 10⁻¹⁰ to 10⁻², polyprotic acid behavior (H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, H₂CO₃), and common acids/bases (HCl, CH₃COOH, NaOH, NH₃). Features adjustable parameters for solution type, concentration (logarithmic scale), acid dissociation constant Ka, base dissociation constant Kb, titrant concentration, titrant volume, animation speed, comparison mode (strong vs weak, mono vs polyprotic), and quick presets. Comprehensive educational content covering pH definition, strong/weak electrolyte behavior, acid-base titration principles, buffer systems, logarithmic nature of pH scale, polyprotic acids, and real-world applications in environmental science, biology, medicine, food industry, agriculture, and industrial processes
Concentration Cell - 浓差电池
Interactive visualization of concentration cell electromotive force and Nernst equation for concentration cells - Explore ion migration from high to low concentration, concentration cell EMF calculation (E = RT/nF ln(c₂/c₁)), Nernst equation at 298 K (E = 0.0592/n log(c₂/c₁)), concentration ratio effects on cell potential, electron flow from low to high concentration half-cells, salt bridge function for maintaining electrical neutrality, Gibbs free energy (ΔG = -nFE), E vs concentration ratio curve showing logarithmic relationship, temperature dependence (E ∝ T), ion types (Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Al³⁺) with different electrons transferred (n), adjustable concentrations (c₁, c₂), ion migration animation, equilibrium state tracking, and common concentration ratios (10:1, 100:1, 1:10, equal). Features adjustable parameters for low concentration c₁, high concentration c₂, ion type, temperature, animation speed, ion density, and display options. Comprehensive educational content covering electrode processes in concentration cells, ion migration mechanisms, concentration gradient effects, real-world applications in battery monitoring, corrosion science (differential aeration cells), biological membranes (nerve cell ion gradients), pH measurements, ion-selective electrodes, and sensors
Galvanic Cell EMF - 原电池电动势
Interactive visualization of galvanic cell electromotive force and Nernst equation - Explore anode oxidation and cathode reduction reactions, cell EMF calculation (E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode), Nernst equation (E = E° - RT/nF ln Q), concentration effects on cell potential, electron flow animation through external circuit, salt bridge ion movement, Gibbs free energy (ΔG = -nFE), E vs Q curve showing reaction quotient effects, temperature dependence, standard electrode potentials, ion concentrations, electrons transferred, and common galvanic cell types (Daniell Zn-Cu, Ag-Cu, Mg-Ni, Zn-Ag). Features adjustable parameters for E°anode, E°cathode, ion concentrations, temperature, animation speed, and display options. Comprehensive educational content covering electrode processes, Le Chatelier's principle, real-world applications in batteries and corrosion prevention
Chiral Molecules - 手性分子
Interactive visualization of chiral molecules and enantiomers - Explore 3D molecular structures with chiral centers, mirror image comparison of enantiomers (non-superimposable), Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules with numbered substituents (1-4), R/S configuration determination and switching, tetrahedral geometry with wedge/dash bond notation, interactive 3D rotation, optical activity demonstration with plane-polarized light rotation animation, and adjustable parameters including molecule type (glyceraldehyde, lactic acid, alanine, custom), R/S configuration, rotation speed, and substituent selection. Includes real-time enantiomer switching, polarized light visualization showing dextrorotatory (+) and levorotatory (-) rotation, and applications in pharmaceuticals, biochemistry, and asymmetric synthesis
π Bond & Delocalized π System - π键与大π键
Interactive visualization of π bonds and conjugated systems - Explore σ and π orbital overlap (head-on vs side-by-side), electron cloud distribution above and below bonding plane, conjugated systems with alternating single/double bonds (ethylene, butadiene), aromatic delocalization in benzene ring Π(6)6 system, HOMO-LUMO frontier molecular orbitals with energy gap visualization, orbital phase colors, delocalization animation, and adjustable parameters including conjugation length (2-12 carbons), system type (ethylene/butadiene/benzene/custom chain), view mode (σ only/π only/both), 3D rotation speed, electron cloud opacity, and orbital overlap progress. Includes molecular examples showing π bond formation, conjugation energy, aromatic stabilization, and applications in organic chemistry, materials science, and photochemistry
VSEPR Model - 价层电子对互斥模型
Interactive VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) model visualization - Explore electron pair arrangements (bonding pairs and lone pairs) in 3D, molecular shapes resulting from electron pair repulsion, bond angles affected by lone pairs (LP-LP > LP-BP > BP-BP repulsion), various geometries including linear (180°), bent/trigonal planar (120°), tetrahedral (109.5°), trigonal pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal (90°, 120°), seesaw, T-shaped, octahedral (90°), square pyramidal, and square planar, with adjustable parameters for central atom (C, N, O, P, S, Xe), total electron pairs (2-6), number of lone pairs, and electron pair size. Includes comprehensive geometry reference table with examples (CH₄, NH₃, H₂O, SF₄, ClF₃, XeF₂, etc.) and hybridization (sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d²)
Hydrogen Bond Formation - 氢键形成
Interactive visualization of hydrogen bond formation in water - Explore X-H···Y interactions where X, Y ∈ {N, O, F}, 3D water molecule models with tetrahedral structure (4 hydrogen bonds per molecule in ice), hydrogen bonding shown as dashed lines O-H···O, ice structure with regular hydrogen bond network vs liquid water with dynamic bond formation/breaking, temperature effects on hydrogen bond stability (bond energy 5-30 kJ/mol), bond criteria (distance < 3.5 Å, angle ≈ 180°), and adjustable parameters for temperature (-50°C to 100°C), number of water molecules, rotation speed, and molecule scale
Molecular Polarity - 分子极性
Interactive visualization of molecular polarity - Explore 3D molecular structures, bond dipole vectors, total dipole moment calculation and display (μ = Σqᵢrᵢ), polarity determination (polar if μ ≠ 0), molecular geometry effects on polarity, bond polarity based on electronegativity difference (ΔEN > 0.4), vector addition of bond dipoles, and real molecule examples (HCl, CO₂, H₂O, CH₄, NH₃, BF₃, CCl₄) with adjustable parameters for electronegativity difference, bond length, rotation speed, and molecule scale
Redox Titration - Interactive Visualization
Interactive visualization of redox titration - Explore potential curves (E vs volume), Nernst equation application, equivalence point calculation and potential jump, redox indicator color change at specific potentials, titration animation with drops adding to flask, and common redox titration systems (Fe²⁺/MnO₄⁻, Fe²⁺/Ce⁴⁺, C₂O₄²⁻/MnO₄⁻, AsO₂⁻/Cr₂O₇²⁻) with adjustable parameters for standard potentials E°(analyte) and E°(titrant), initial concentrations, number of electrons transferred (n), temperature, and indicator selection with customizable colors
Coordination Equilibrium - Interactive Visualization
Interactive visualization of coordination equilibrium - Explore formation constants (Kf), stepwise complexation (k₁, k₂, k₃), species distribution diagrams vs ligand concentration [L], competitive ligand binding between two ligands (L₁ and L₂), and geometric coordination structures (octahedral, tetrahedral, square planar, linear) with adjustable parameters for coordination number (n), geometry type, formation constant, initial metal [M]₀ and ligand [L]₀ concentrations, and common complex presets ([Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺, [FeF₆]³⁻, [Fe(OH)₆]³⁻, [AlCl₄]⁻)
Solubility Equilibrium - Interactive Visualization
Interactive visualization of solubility equilibrium - Explore Ksp (solubility product constant), solubility curves vs temperature, common ion effect, precipitation dynamics when Q > Ksp, ion concentration product comparison, and saturated solution equilibrium with adjustable parameters for different compound types (AB, AB₂, A₂B, A₂B₃), Ksp values, temperature, enthalpy change, and common ion concentrations