What formula does the Dose/C0 mode use?

It uses Vd = Dose / C0 for a one-compartment IV bolus calculation.

What formula does the CL and t½ mode use?

It uses Vd = CL · t½ / 0.693 under linear kinetics.

What units should I enter?

Enter dose in mg, concentration in mg/L, clearance in L/h, and half-life in hours. Body weight is entered in kg.

Can the calculator report Vd in L/kg?

Yes. Enter body weight to receive an optional Vd per kilogram result.

Is Vd a real anatomical volume?

No. Vd is an apparent theoretical volume and may differ substantially from anatomical body-fluid volumes. This calculator is not medical advice.

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Volume of Distribution Calculator (Vd)

Calculate the apparent volume of distribution Vd in two modes. (A) One-compartment IV bolus: Vd = Dose / C0 (C0 = concentration extrapolated to t=0). (B) From clearance and half-life (linear kinetics): Vd = CL · t½ / 0.693. Vd is an APPARENT (theoretical) volume, not an anatomical one — highly tissue-bound drugs (digoxin ≈ 7 L/kg, amiodarone ≈ 66 L/kg) can exceed total body water, while highly plasma-protein-bound drugs (warfarin ≈ 0.14 L/kg) fall far below it. Optional body-weight input converts the result to L/kg. Note: Vd = Dose/C0 gives Vc (initial); Vss (steady state) and Vz (terminal) differ for multi-compartment models, and oral dosing returns Vd/F. Not medical advice.

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Dose/C0: 500 mg IV, C0 = 10 mg/L → Vd = 50 L

Vd = 500 / 10 = 50 L. For a 70 kg adult this is 0.7143 L/kg — close to total body water (≈ 0.6 L/kg).

{"result":"Vd = 50 L (0.7143 L/kg for 70 kg). Method: Vd = Dose / C0.","metadata":{"input":{"mode":"dose-c0","dose":500,"c0":10,"weight":70},"result":{"vd":50,"vdPerKg":0.7143,"method":"One-compartment IV bolus: Vd = Dose / C0","model":"Vc (initial). Vss/Vz differ for multi-compartment; oral = Vd/F. Not medical advice."}}}

CL & t½: CL=2.8 L/h, t½=8 h → Vd = 32.3164 L

Vd = 2.8 × 8 / ln2 = 32.3164 L. Consistent with theophylline Vd ≈ 0.45 L/kg in a 70 kg adult (≈ 31.5 L).

{"result":"Vd = 32.3164 L (0.4617 L/kg for 70 kg). Method: Vd = CL · t½ / 0.693.","metadata":{"input":{"mode":"cl-half","clearance":2.8,"halfLife":8,"weight":70},"result":{"vd":32.3164,"vdPerKg":0.4617,"method":"From clearance and half-life: Vd = CL · t½ / 0.693","model":"Linear kinetics. Not medical advice."}}}

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7 options

SettingsAdjust formats, ranges, numbers, and modes.7

Calculation ModeselectOptionalIV Dose (mg)numberOptionalIV bolus dose. Required in Dose/C0 mode.Initial concentration C0 (mg/L)numberOptionalConcentration at t=0 (extrapolated). Required in Dose/C0 mode.Clearance CL (L/h)numberOptionalClearance. Required in CL & t½ mode.Half-life t½ (h)numberOptionalElimination half-life. Required in CL & t½ mode.Body weight (kg, optional)numberOptionalOptional body weight to report Vd in L/kg.Decimal PlacesnumberOptional

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Volume of Distribution Calculator (Vd)

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1. Estimate Vd from an IV bolus

2. Calculate Vd from clearance and half-life

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