What does q represent?

q is the frequency of the recessive allele, while p is the frequency of the dominant allele and p + q = 1.

What do p², 2pq, and q² represent?

They are the expected frequencies of AA, Aa, and aa genotypes, respectively.

What inputs are required in frequency mode?

Enter q, the recessive allele frequency, as a value from 0 to 1.

What inputs are required in counts mode?

Enter observed counts for AA, Aa, and aa.

Is this calculator suitable for clinical decisions?

No. It is intended for educational use only.

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator (p² + 2pq + q² = 1)

Compute allele and expected genotype frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Two modes: allele frequency or genotype counts with chi-square test. Derived from Hardy 1908, Weinberg 1908, Wigginton 2005, StatPearls. Educational use only.

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Phenylketonuria carrier frequency: q² = 1/10000

If PKU incidence q² = 1/10000 = 0.0001, then q = 0.01, p = 0.99. Carrier frequency 2pq = 2 × 0.99 × 0.01 = 0.0198 (~ 1 in 50). A classic HWE application in medical genetics.

{"result":"q=0.01, p=0.99: AA=0.9801, Aa=0.0198, aa=0.0001.","metadata":{"input":{"mode":"frequency","q":0.01},"result":{"p":0.99,"q":0.01,"AA":0.9801,"Aa":0.0198,"aa":0.0001,"carrierRate":0.0198}}}

Chi-square test: 100 individuals (49 AA, 42 Aa, 9 aa)

From 100 individuals: p = (2×49+42)/200 = 0.70, q = 0.30. Expected: AA = 49, Aa = 42, aa = 9. χ² = 0.00, not significant — the population is consistent with HWE. (Expected counts happen to match observed exactly at these frequencies.)

{"result":"N=100: p=0.7, q=0.3. Expected AA=49, Aa=42, aa=9. χ²=0.0000 (df=1, not significant).","metadata":{"input":{"mode":"counts","AA":49,"Aa":42,"aa":9},"result":{"p":0.7,"q":0.3,"expAA":49,"expAa":42,"expaa":9,"chiSquare":0,"significant":false}}}

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6 options

SettingsAdjust formats, ranges, numbers, and modes.6

Input ModeselectRequiredChoose allele-frequency mode or genotype-counts mode.Allele q frequency (recessive)numberOptionalFrequency of the recessive allele q (0–1). Used in frequency mode only.aa count (homozygous recessive)numberOptionalObserved count of genotype aa. Used in counts mode only.Aa count (heterozygous)numberOptionalObserved count of genotype Aa. Used in counts mode only.AA count (homozygous dominant)numberOptionalObserved count of genotype AA. Used in counts mode only.Decimal PlacesnumberOptional

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator (p² + 2pq + q² = 1)

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Examples

1. Estimate PKU carrier frequency

2. Test genotype counts for equilibrium

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