Физика
Изучайте физические принципы с помощью интерактивных симуляций
103 visualizations
Gyroscopic Precession - 陀螺进动
Interactive 3D gyroscope precession simulation demonstrating conservation of angular momentum, torque, and nutation. Features angular momentum L = Iω, torque τ = dL/dt = r × mg, precession rate Ω = mgr/(Iω), and moment of inertia I = ½mr². Real-time 3D visualization with pseudo-isometric projection showing spinning disk with radial spokes, tilt axis with pivot point, precession motion around vertical axis, optional nutation oscillation, and golden tip trail. Vector display with green angular momentum L (along spin axis), red torque τ (perpendicular to L and mg), and blue gravity mg vectors. Energy tracking with rotational KE = ½Iω², gravitational PE = mgh, and total energy conservation demonstration. Charts include energy (KE/PE/total), angular velocities (spin vs precession rate), and nutation angle over time. Adjustable parameters: spin velocity ω (10-100 rad/s), initial tilt angle θ (10-60°), mass m (0.1-2.0 kg), disk radius r (0.05-0.3 m), axle length L (0.1-0.5 m), gravity g (1.6-20 m/s²), inertia factor (0.5-2x), simulation speed (0.1-3x), toggle for vectors/nutation/trail. Applications in navigation systems, bicycle stability, Earth's axial precession (26,000 year cycle), and fundamental physics from atoms to galaxies. Multi-language support (zh, en, es, fr, de, ru, pt).
Planetary Orbit Simulation - 行星轨道模拟
Interactive planetary orbit simulation demonstrating gravitational physics and orbital mechanics. Features Newton's law of universal gravitation F = GMm/r², acceleration a = -GM/r² · (r/r), orbit equation r = p/(1+e·cos(θ)), and vis-viva equation v² = GM(2/r - 1/a). Central star (fixed) with multiple planets following elliptical orbits. Real-time position markers, velocity vectors with arrows showing instantaneous speed and direction, multi-body mode where planets exert gravitational forces on each other (demonstrating chaos), and Kepler's three laws visualization. Adjustable parameters: star mass (0.1-5.0 M☉), three planets with independent mass (0.1-10 M⊕) and initial distance (0.3-3.0 AU), simulation speed (0.1-5x), G constant multiplier (0.1-2x), zoom level (0.5-3x), multi-body toggle, trail visibility toggle, and velocity vector toggle. Visual displays include space background with stars, main orbital canvas with colorful planets and trails, orbital energy chart, distance from star chart, and orbital velocity chart. Chaos mode demonstrates chaotic multi-body dynamics with perturbed initial conditions. Multi-language support (zh, en, es, fr, de, ru, pt).
Elastic/Inelastic Collision - 弹性/非弹性碰撞
Interactive collision simulation demonstrating momentum conservation and energy transformation in 1D and 2D collisions. Features momentum conservation: m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = m₁v₁' + m₂v₂', restitution coefficient: e = (v₂' - v₁')/(v₁ - v₂), where elastic (e=1), partially inelastic (0
Projectile Motion - 抛体运动
Interactive projectile motion simulation with air resistance comparison, target mode, and real-time trajectory visualization. Features equations: x = v₀cos(θ)t, y = v₀sin(θ)t - ½gt² (no resistance), and x'' = -kvx'/m, y'' = -g - kvy'/m (with air resistance). Adjustable parameters: initial velocity v₀ (10-100 m/s), launch angle θ (5-85°), initial height h₀ (0-50 m), gravity g (1.6-20 m/s²), air resistance coefficient k (0-0.5), mass m (0.1-10 kg), target distance and height. Visual displays include real-time projectile animation with trajectory trail and velocity vector, split-screen comparison mode (no drag vs with drag), velocity components chart (vx vs vy), height vs distance chart, and energy bar chart showing kinetic, potential, and total energy. Target mode allows setting custom target position and provides hit/miss feedback. Multi-language support (zh, en, es, fr, de, ru, pt).
Moon Phases - 月相变化
Interactive visualization of the complete lunar phase cycle (29.53-day synodic month) demonstrating sun-earth-moon positions and shadow formation. Features three viewing modes: Orbit View (top-down perspective showing Moon's orbital position relative to Earth and Sun), From Earth View (realistic moon phase appearance as seen from our planet), and Split View (simultaneous comparison). Interactive day progress control (0-29.53 days) with automatic animation speed adjustment (0.1-5.0x). Real-time calculation and display of phase angle (0-360°), illumination percentage using formula (1 - cos(θ)) / 2 × 100%, current phase name (New Moon, Waxing Crescent, First Quarter, Waxing Gibbous, Full Moon, Waning Gibbous, Last Quarter, Waning Crescent), and moon age. Adjustable display parameters: moon size (20-60 px), orbit radius (100-200 px). Comprehensive visual elements: Sun rays showing light direction, Earth (observer position), Moon's orbital path, phase angle indicator, major phase icons (New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, Last Quarter). Toggle options for orbit path, sunlight rays, phase names, phase angles, and time scale. Educational content covers lunar cycle fundamentals (synodic month 29.53 days vs sidereal month 27.32 days), phase geometry (elongation angle determination), observation tips (waxing vs waning, hemisphere differences, rise/set times), eclipse connections, and cultural significance (calendars, agriculture, religious festivals, tides). Real-world applications: timekeeping systems, agricultural planning, navigation, biological cycles, tidal predictions, astronomical education. Multi-language support (zh, en, fr, de, es, pt, ru).
Wave Refraction - 波的折射
Interactive visualization of wave refraction at medium boundaries demonstrating Snell's Law and wave behavior changes. Features dual-medium visualization with different refractive indices (n₁, n₂ from 1.0-2.5), showing wavefront propagation, ray tracing, and wavelength changes. Interactive incident angle control (0-85°) to observe refraction angle variations according to Snell's Law: n₁sin(θ₁) = n₂sin(θ₂). Adjustable wave parameters: frequency (1.0-5.0 Hz), base wave speed (100-300 px/s), animation speed (0.2-3.0x). Real-time calculation and display of wave speeds (v₁ = c/n₁, v₂ = c/n₂), wavelengths (λ₁ = v₁/f, λ₂ = v₂/f), and refraction angle (θ₂). Visual representation of incident wavefronts (blue lines in medium 1), refracted wavefronts (red lines in medium 2), light rays with directional arrows, and normal line. Comprehensive display options: toggle wavefronts, light rays, normal line, and angle arcs. Educational content covers Snell's Law, refractive index (n = c/v), wave speed relation (v = c/n = λ·f), wavelength calculation (λ = v/f = λ₀/n), and wavefront geometry explanation. Detailed explanations of refraction mechanisms: bending toward normal in denser medium, bending away from normal in less dense medium, wavelength changes while frequency remains constant. Real-world applications: optics (lenses, cameras, microscopes), atmospheric phenomena (mirages, rainbows, stellar twinkling), oceanography (ocean wave direction changes), seismology (seismic wave refraction through Earth's layers), communications (radio wave atmospheric refraction). Multi-language support (zh, en, fr, de, es, pt, ru).
Wave Reflection - 波的反射
Interactive visualization of wave reflection at boundaries demonstrating phase changes at fixed and free ends. Features realistic pulse propagation on a string with Gaussian pulse shape, reflection mechanics, and phase inversion visualization. Interactive boundary selection: fixed end (hard boundary) shows π phase change with pulse inversion, free end (soft boundary) shows no phase change with upright reflection. Adjustable pulse parameters: amplitude (0.2-2.0), pulse width (0.2-1.0 m), wave speed (0.5-5.0 m/s), animation speed (0.2-3.0x). Real-time visualization of incident pulse (blue, moving right) and reflected pulse (red, moving left) with direction arrows. Phase change indicator shows current boundary behavior. Visual representation of different boundary types: fixed end displays as wall with hatching pattern, free end shows as ring allowing movement. Comprehensive display options: toggle rope/string visualization, boundary point display, incident/reflected pulse visibility, and phase change indicator. Educational content explains reflection laws: (1) angle of incidence equals angle of reflection (θᵢ = θᵣ), (2) fixed end reflection causes π phase change (inverted), (3) free end reflection has 0 phase change (upright), (4) wave speed relation v = λ·f. Detailed explanations of fixed-end and free-end reflection mechanisms with physics principles. Real-world applications: musical instruments (string resonance), architecture (room acoustics), optics (mirrors), seismology (seismic wave reflection), communications (radio ionosphere reflection). Multi-language support (zh, en, es, fr, de, ru, pt).
Huygens' Principle - 惠更斯原理
Interactive visualization of Huygens' Principle demonstrating wave propagation, secondary wavelets, and wavefront envelope construction. Features both planar (linear) and circular wavefront modes with animated wave propagation. Interactive controls for wave speed (50-200 px/s), number of wavefront points (5-30), point spacing (20-80 px), wave frequency (0.5-3.0 Hz), and wavelength (40-150 px). Real-time visualization of original wavefront (blue), secondary spherical wavelets emanating from each point, and the new wavefront formed by their envelope (red dashed line). Adjustable display settings: toggle original wavefront, secondary wavelets, envelope, wavefront points, and propagation animation. Historical wavefront display shows wave evolution over time. Educational content covers Huygens' three key principles: (1) each point on a wavefront acts as a source of secondary spherical wavelets, (2) secondary waves spread outward in all directions, (3) the envelope of all secondary wavelets forms the new wavefront. Wave speed equation v = λ·f (wavelength × frequency) displayed with formulas. Applications include diffraction (wave bending around obstacles), reflection (angle equality), refraction (Snell's Law), and interference. Multi-language support (zh, en, es, fr, de, ru, pt).
Specific Heat Capacity Comparison - 比热容对比
Interactive visualization of specific heat capacity comparing how different materials heat up with the same energy input. Features fundamental heat equation Q = mcΔT and temperature change formula ΔT = Q/(mc). Six preset materials (Water c=4186, Sand c=830, Aluminum c=900, Iron c=450, Copper c=385, Lead c=128 J/(kg·°C)) covering a wide range of specific heat values. Dual-container visualization with real-time heating animation showing two materials being heated simultaneously with identical power (100-2000W). Color-coded temperature indicators and animated flames visualize the heating process. Three interactive charts: Temperature vs Time curve showing different heating rates, Heat Absorbed vs Temperature plot demonstrating Q = mcΔT relationship, and Specific Heat Capacity Comparison bar chart. Adjustable parameters: mass (0.1-5 kg each), heating power, initial temperature (0-50°C), max temperature limit (60-200°C), and simulation speed (0.1-3x). Preset scenarios include Water vs Sand (beach effect), Metal vs Water (cooking), and Beach Effect with different masses. Real-time display of temperature, heat absorbed (Q), and specific heat values. Educational content explains Q = mcΔT formula, why materials with lower specific heat heat faster (dT/dt = P/(mc)), real-world applications including coastal climate moderation (sea and land breezes), cooking with different metals, and why water has exceptionally high specific heat due to hydrogen bonding. Multi-language support (zh, en, es, fr, de, ru, pt).
Acid Rain Formation - 酸雨形成
Interactive simulation of acid rain formation from emissions to environmental impacts - explore SO₂/NOₓ oxidation, atmospheric transport, wet/dry deposition, and pH changes. Features chemical reactions: SO₂ + ·OH → HOSO₂· → H₂SO₄, NO₂ + ·OH → HNO₃, pH = -log[H⁺], with normal rain pH ~5.6 (CO₂ equilibrium) and acid rain pH <5.6. Dual-panel visualization: (1) Atmospheric process canvas showing emission sources (factories 🏭, vehicles 🚗, power plants), pollutant particle transport by wind, chemical transformation (SO₂→H₂SO₄, NOₓ→HNO₃), cloud formation, acid rain droplet formation (color changes from blue to red with acidity), and wet/dry deposition. (2) pH distribution heat map showing spatial variation and affected areas, with dynamic color scale from pH 7.0 (green) to pH 3.0 (red). Four mitigation measures with quantified reduction effects: flue gas desulfurization (-80% SO₂), catalytic converters (-70% NOₓ), clean energy transition (-90% emissions), and stricter emission standards (-60% overall). Adjustable parameters: SO₂ emissions (0-200 units), NOₓ emissions (0-200 units), wind speed (0-15 m/s affecting transport distance), humidity (20-100% affecting rain formation), industrial activity (0-100%), and vehicle density (0-100%). Real-time pH monitor displays current rain pH, SO₂/NOₓ concentrations (ppb), average regional pH, and percentage of affected area (pH <5.6). Environmental impact assessment canvas visualizes lake acidification (water color change with pH), forest health degradation (canopy browning from 100% to 20%), and building corrosion damage (surface deterioration). Educational content covers acid rain formation process, emission sources (industrial, vehicles, natural), atmospheric chemistry and oxidation reactions, transport mechanisms, wet vs dry deposition, environmental effects (aquatic ecosystem damage, forest soil degradation, building material corrosion, human respiratory impacts), mitigation strategies (scrubbers, catalytic converters, clean energy, international agreements like CLRTAP), and historical context (1970s-80s crisis, 1990 US Clean Air Act Amendments Acid Rain Program, Gothenburg Protocol success). Multi-language support (zh, en, fr, de, es, ru, pt).
Greenhouse Effect - 温室效应模拟
Interactive simulation of greenhouse effect and global warming - explore Earth's energy balance, radiative forcing, and climate change. Features energy balance equation S(1-α) = σT⁴, Earth's temperature formula T = [(S(1-α))/(4σ)]^(1/4), radiative forcing RF = 5.35×ln(C/C₀), and temperature change ΔT = λ×RF. Interactive Earth system visualization showing solar radiation (shortwave), infrared radiation (longwave), atmospheric absorption by greenhouse gases, and energy flow arrows. Temperature anomaly graph with real-time tracking and 2100 projections. Greenhouse gas contribution pie chart (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O). Five emission scenarios: Pre-industrial (CO₂=280ppm), Current 2024 (CO₂=420ppm), RCP2.6 Strong Action, RCP4.5 Moderate, and RCP8.5 Business as Usual. Adjustable parameters: CO₂ concentration (280-1000 ppm), CH₄ concentration (700-5000 ppb), N₂O concentration (270-500 ppb), Earth albedo α (0.1-0.5), solar constant S (1300-1420 W/m²), and climate sensitivity λ (0.4-1.2 K/(W/m²)). Real-time calculations display radiative forcing, temperature with/without greenhouse effect, and warming effect. Animated particles show solar and infrared radiation with atmospheric absorption. Visualizes ice cap melting based on temperature increase. Educational content covers greenhouse effect mechanics, enhanced greenhouse effect from anthropogenic emissions, radiative forcing, climate sensitivity, climate feedbacks (ice-albedo, water vapor, permafrost), climate change impacts (sea level rise, extreme weather, ocean acidification), and mitigation strategies (renewable energy, reforestation, carbon capture). Multi-language support (zh, en, fr, de, es, ru, pt).
Thermal Expansion - 热胀冷缩
Interactive visualization of thermal expansion - explore how materials expand and contract with temperature changes. Features linear expansion formula ΔL = α·L₀·ΔT and volume expansion ΔV = β·V₀·ΔT. Six preset materials (Aluminum α=23×10⁻⁶/°C, Copper α=17×10⁻⁶/°C, Steel α=12×10⁻⁶/°C, Glass α=9×10⁻⁶/°C, Concrete α=10×10⁻⁶/°C, Water β=207×10⁻⁶/°C). Heat and cool animations with temperature changes from -100°C to +500°C, adjustable magnification factor (10-200x) to visualize tiny expansions, real-time material bar animation showing expansion/contraction with color-coded temperature indicator. Three interactive charts: Length vs Temperature curve with real-time tracking, Expansion Coefficient Comparison bar chart across materials, and Volume Expansion (ΔV/V₀) vs ΔT plot. Parameters: initial length L₀ (0.1-10 m), temperature change ΔT (-100 to +500°C), initial temperature T₀ (-50 to +100°C), and animation speed. Educational content covers linear expansion, volume expansion with β ≈ 3α for isotropic solids, real-world applications (expansion joints in bridges, thermometers, bimetallic thermostats), and water's anomaly with ice floating and insulating lakes. Multi-language support (zh, en, es, fr, de, ru, pt).