MST with both textbook algorithms: Kruskal's sorted accept/cycle-reject log and Prim's component growth, cross-checked to agree on the total weight; disconnected graphs rejected.

Math & Numbers

Minor (Local) Head Loss Calculator (h = K·v²/2g)

Compute the minor (local) head loss and pressure drop for pipe fittings, valves and bends: h_m = K·v²/(2g), ΔP_m = K·ρ·v²/2. Ships typical K values for 14 common components (gate/globe/check/angle/ball valves, 90°/45° elbows, tees, sudden contraction/expansion, sharp entrance/exit); choose a preset or supply a custom K. Supports n identical fittings in series. Returns head loss (m, ft) and pressure drop (Pa, kPa, bar). Density in kg/m³, g/cm³ or lb/ft³.

Math & Numbers

Mechanical Efficiency Calculator

Calculate the efficiency of a mechanical transmission (gearbox, belt, chain, etc.). η = P_out / P_in, returning the efficiency percentage and the power loss P_loss = P_in − P_out.

Math & Numbers

MB to Bytes

Convert megabytes to bytes with decimal vs binary interpretation, alternate-system comparison, and network-speed-aware transfer estimates

Math & Numbers

MB to MiB

Convert megabytes to mebibytes with decimal vs binary interpretation, alternate-system comparison, and network-speed-aware transfer estimates

Math & Numbers

MiB to MB

Convert mebibytes to megabytes with decimal vs binary interpretation, alternate-system comparison, and network-speed-aware transfer estimates

Math & Numbers

MB to Bits

Convert megabytes to bits with decimal vs binary interpretation, alternate-system comparison, and network-speed-aware transfer estimates

Math & Numbers

MB to GB

Convert megabytes to gigabytes with decimal vs binary interpretation, alternate-system comparison, and transfer estimates

Math & Numbers

MB to KB

Convert megabytes to kilobytes with decimal vs binary interpretation, alternate-system comparison, and transfer estimates