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Примеры Криптографии Web Python
Примеры криптографии и безопасности Web Python включая вычисление хеша, симметричное шифрование и кодирование Base64
Примеры
Элементы этой коллекции
КодpythonПростой
Вычисление Хеша
Вычислять различные хеш-значения используя модуль hashlib включая MD5, SHA1, SHA256, SHA512, HMAC и хеширование с солью
Сложность
4/10
Оценка времени
25 min
Теги
python, web, cryptography, hash
Предварительные условия
Basic Python, hashlib module
python
# Web Python Hash Computation Examples
# Computing various hash values using hashlib module
# 1. Basic Hash Functions
import hashlib
import hmac
import os
from typing import Optional, Union
def compute_md5(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute MD5 hash
Args:
data: Input data (string or bytes)
Returns:
Hexadecimal MD5 hash
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return hashlib.md5(data).hexdigest()
def compute_sha1(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute SHA1 hash
Args:
data: Input data (string or bytes)
Returns:
Hexadecimal SHA1 hash
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return hashlib.sha1(data).hexdigest()
def compute_sha256(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute SHA256 hash
Args:
data: Input data (string or bytes)
Returns:
Hexadecimal SHA256 hash
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest()
def compute_sha512(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute SHA512 hash
Args:
data: Input data (string or bytes)
Returns:
Hexadecimal SHA512 hash
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return hashlib.sha512(data).hexdigest()
def compute_sha3_256(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute SHA3-256 hash
Args:
data: Input data (string or bytes)
Returns:
Hexadecimal SHA3-256 hash
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return hashlib.sha3_256(data).hexdigest()
def compute_blake2b(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute BLAKE2b hash
Args:
data: Input data (string or bytes)
Returns:
Hexadecimal BLAKE2b hash
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return hashlib.blake2b(data).hexdigest()
# 2. File Hashing
def compute_file_hash(filepath: str, algorithm: str = 'sha256') -> Optional[str]:
"""
Compute hash of a file
Args:
filepath: Path to file
algorithm: Hash algorithm ('md5', 'sha1', 'sha256', 'sha512')
Returns:
Hexadecimal hash or None if error
"""
hash_func = hashlib.new(algorithm)
try:
with open(filepath, 'rb') as f:
for chunk in iter(lambda: f.read(4096), b''):
hash_func.update(chunk)
return hash_func.hexdigest()
except FileNotFoundError:
return None
def compute_file_md5(filepath: str) -> Optional[str]:
"""Compute MD5 hash of file"""
return compute_file_hash(filepath, 'md5')
def compute_file_sha256(filepath: str) -> Optional[str]:
"""Compute SHA256 hash of file"""
return compute_file_hash(filepath, 'sha256')
def compute_file_sha512(filepath: str) -> Optional[str]:
"""Compute SHA512 hash of file"""
return compute_file_hash(filepath, 'sha512')
# 3. HMAC Computation
def compute_hmac_md5(key: Union[str, bytes], message: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute HMAC-MD5
Args:
key: Secret key
message: Message to authenticate
Returns:
Hexadecimal HMAC
"""
if isinstance(key, str):
key = key.encode('utf-8')
if isinstance(message, str):
message = message.encode('utf-8')
return hmac.new(key, message, hashlib.md5).hexdigest()
def compute_hmac_sha1(key: Union[str, bytes], message: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute HMAC-SHA1
Args:
key: Secret key
message: Message to authenticate
Returns:
Hexadecimal HMAC
"""
if isinstance(key, str):
key = key.encode('utf-8')
if isinstance(message, str):
message = message.encode('utf-8')
return hmac.new(key, message, hashlib.sha1).hexdigest()
def compute_hmac_sha256(key: Union[str, bytes], message: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute HMAC-SHA256
Args:
key: Secret key
message: Message to authenticate
Returns:
Hexadecimal HMAC
"""
if isinstance(key, str):
key = key.encode('utf-8')
if isinstance(message, str):
message = message.encode('utf-8')
return hmac.new(key, message, hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
def compute_hmac_sha512(key: Union[str, bytes], message: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Compute HMAC-SHA512
Args:
key: Secret key
message: Message to authenticate
Returns:
Hexadecimal HMAC
"""
if isinstance(key, str):
key = key.encode('utf-8')
if isinstance(message, str):
message = message.encode('utf-8')
return hmac.new(key, message, hashlib.sha512).hexdigest()
# 4. Hash Comparison
def compare_hash(hash1: str, hash2: str) -> bool:
"""
Compare two hashes securely
Args:
hash1: First hash
hash2: Second hash
Returns:
True if equal
"""
return hmac.compare_digest(hash1, hash2)
def verify_hash(data: Union[str, bytes], expected_hash: str, algorithm: str = 'sha256') -> bool:
"""
Verify data against expected hash
Args:
data: Input data
expected_hash: Expected hash value
algorithm: Hash algorithm
Returns:
True if matches
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
hash_func = hashlib.new(algorithm, data)
computed_hash = hash_func.hexdigest()
return compare_hash(computed_hash, expected_hash)
def verify_file_hash(filepath: str, expected_hash: str, algorithm: str = 'sha256') -> bool:
"""
Verify file hash
Args:
filepath: Path to file
expected_hash: Expected hash value
algorithm: Hash algorithm
Returns:
True if matches
"""
computed_hash = compute_file_hash(filepath, algorithm)
return compare_hash(computed_hash, expected_hash) if computed_hash else False
# 5. Salted Hashing
def generate_salt(length: int = 32) -> bytes:
"""
Generate random salt
Args:
length: Salt length in bytes
Returns:
Random salt bytes
"""
return os.urandom(length)
def compute_salted_hash(data: Union[str, bytes], salt: Optional[bytes] = None, algorithm: str = 'sha256') -> tuple:
"""
Compute salted hash
Args:
data: Input data
salt: Salt (auto-generated if None)
algorithm: Hash algorithm
Returns:
(salt, hash) tuple
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
if salt is None:
salt = generate_salt()
hash_func = hashlib.new(algorithm)
hash_func.update(salt + data)
return salt, hash_func.hexdigest()
def verify_salted_hash(data: Union[str, bytes], salt: bytes, expected_hash: str, algorithm: str = 'sha256') -> bool:
"""
Verify salted hash
Args:
data: Input data
salt: Salt used
expected_hash: Expected hash
algorithm: Hash algorithm
Returns:
True if matches
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
hash_func = hashlib.new(algorithm)
hash_func.update(salt + data)
computed_hash = hash_func.hexdigest()
return compare_hash(computed_hash, expected_hash)
# 6. Multiple Hashes
def compute_all_hashes(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> dict:
"""
Compute multiple hashes of data
Args:
data: Input data
Returns:
Dictionary with all hashes
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return {
'md5': hashlib.md5(data).hexdigest(),
'sha1': hashlib.sha1(data).hexdigest(),
'sha256': hashlib.sha256(data).hexdigest(),
'sha512': hashlib.sha512(data).hexdigest(),
'sha3_256': hashlib.sha3_256(data).hexdigest(),
'blake2b': hashlib.blake2b(data).hexdigest()
}
# 7. Hash-based Data Integrity
def create_checksum(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Create checksum for data
Args:
data: Input data
Returns:
Checksum hash
"""
return compute_sha256(data)
def verify_checksum(data: Union[str, bytes], checksum: str) -> bool:
"""
Verify data checksum
Args:
data: Input data
checksum: Expected checksum
Returns:
True if valid
"""
return verify_hash(data, checksum, 'sha256')
def create_file_checksum(filepath: str) -> Optional[str]:
"""
Create checksum for file
Args:
filepath: Path to file
Returns:
Checksum hash or None
"""
return compute_file_sha256(filepath)
# 8. Progressive Hashing
def hash_multiple_chunks(chunks: list) -> str:
"""
Hash multiple data chunks
Args:
chunks: List of data chunks
Returns:
Combined hash
"""
hash_func = hashlib.sha256()
for chunk in chunks:
if isinstance(chunk, str):
chunk = chunk.encode('utf-8')
hash_func.update(chunk)
return hash_func.hexdigest()
# Usage Examples
def demonstrate_hash_computation():
print("=== Web Python Hash Computation Examples ===\n")
# 1. Basic hashes
print("--- 1. Basic Hash Functions ---")
data = "Hello, World!"
print(f"Data: {data}")
print(f"MD5: {compute_md5(data)}")
print(f"SHA1: {compute_sha1(data)}")
print(f"SHA256: {compute_sha256(data)}")
print(f"SHA512: {compute_sha512(data)}")
print(f"SHA3-256: {compute_sha3_256(data)}")
print(f"BLAKE2b: {compute_blake2b(data)}")
# 2. All hashes
print("\n--- 2. Compute All Hashes ---")
all_hashes = compute_all_hashes("Python Cryptography")
print("All hashes:")
for name, hash_value in all_hashes.items():
print(f" {name}: {hash_value}")
# 3. HMAC
print("\n--- 3. HMAC Computation ---")
key = "secret_key"
message = "authenticated message"
print(f"Key: {key}")
print(f"Message: {message}")
print(f"HMAC-SHA256: {compute_hmac_sha256(key, message)}")
print(f"HMAC-SHA512: {compute_hmac_sha512(key, message)}")
# 4. Hash comparison
print("\n--- 4. Hash Comparison ---")
hash1 = compute_sha256("data1")
hash2 = compute_sha256("data2")
hash3 = compute_sha256("data1")
print(f"Hash1 == Hash2: {compare_hash(hash1, hash2)}")
print(f"Hash1 == Hash3: {compare_hash(hash1, hash3)}")
# 5. Salted hashing
print("\n--- 5. Salted Hashing ---")
password = "secure_password"
salt, hash_value = compute_salted_hash(password)
print(f"Password: {password}")
print(f"Salt: {salt.hex()}")
print(f"Hash: {hash_value}")
print(f"Verified: {verify_salted_hash(password, salt, hash_value)}")
# 6. Checksum
print("\n--- 6. Data Integrity Checksum ---")
data = "important data"
checksum = create_checksum(data)
print(f"Data: {data}")
print(f"Checksum: {checksum}")
print(f"Verified: {verify_checksum(data, checksum)}")
# 7. Progressive hashing
print("\n--- 7. Progressive Hashing ---")
chunks = ["chunk1", "chunk2", "chunk3"]
combined_hash = hash_multiple_chunks(chunks)
print(f"Chunks: {chunks}")
print(f"Combined hash: {combined_hash}")
print("\n=== All Hash Computation Examples Completed ===")
# Export functions
# export { compute_md5, compute_sha1, compute_sha256, compute_sha512 }
# export { compute_sha3_256, compute_blake2b }
# export { compute_file_hash, compute_file_md5, compute_file_sha256, compute_file_sha512 }
# export { compute_hmac_md5, compute_hmac_sha1, compute_hmac_sha256, compute_hmac_sha512 }
# export { compare_hash, verify_hash, verify_file_hash }
# export { generate_salt, compute_salted_hash, verify_salted_hash }
# export { compute_all_hashes }
# export { create_checksum, verify_checksum, create_file_checksum }
# export { hash_multiple_chunks }
# export { demonstrate_hash_computation }
КодpythonСредний
Симметричное Шифрование
Реализовать симметричное шифрование/дешифрование AES с различными режимами (CBC, GCM) используя библиотеку cryptography
Сложность
6/10
Оценка времени
35 min
Теги
python, web, cryptography, encryption
Предварительные условия
Intermediate Python, cryptography library, security concepts
python
# Web Python Symmetric Encryption Examples
# AES encryption/decryption using cryptography library
# 1. Key Generation
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.ciphers import Cipher, algorithms, modes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.pbkdf2 import PBKDF2
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
import os
import secrets
from typing import Tuple, Union
def generate_random_key(key_size: int = 32) -> bytes:
"""
Generate random encryption key
Args:
key_size: Key size in bytes (16=AES-128, 24=AES-192, 32=AES-256)
Returns:
Random key bytes
"""
return secrets.token_bytes(key_size)
def generate_key_from_password(password: Union[str, bytes], salt: Optional[bytes] = None, iterations: int = 100000) -> Tuple[bytes, bytes]:
"""
Derive encryption key from password using PBKDF2
Args:
password: User password
salt: Salt (generated if None)
iterations: PBKDF2 iterations
Returns:
(key, salt) tuple
"""
if isinstance(password, str):
password = password.encode('utf-8')
if salt is None:
salt = secrets.token_bytes(16)
kdf = PBKDF2(
algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
length=32,
salt=salt,
iterations=iterations,
backend=default_backend()
)
key = kdf.derive(password)
return key, salt
# 2. IV/Nonce Generation
def generate_iv(block_size: int = 16) -> bytes:
"""
Generate initialization vector
Args:
block_size: Block size in bytes
Returns:
Random IV bytes
"""
return secrets.token_bytes(block_size)
def generate_nonce(size: int = 12) -> bytes:
"""
Generate nonce for GCM mode
Args:
size: Nonce size in bytes
Returns:
Random nonce bytes
"""
return secrets.token_bytes(size)
# 3. AES-256-CBC Encryption/Decryption
def encrypt_aes_cbc(plaintext: Union[str, bytes], key: bytes, iv: Optional[bytes] = None) -> Tuple[bytes, bytes]:
"""
Encrypt using AES-256-CBC
Args:
plaintext: Data to encrypt
key: Encryption key (32 bytes for AES-256)
iv: Initialization vector (generated if None)
Returns:
(ciphertext, iv) tuple
"""
if isinstance(plaintext, str):
plaintext = plaintext.encode('utf-8')
# Pad plaintext to block size
pad_length = 16 - (len(plaintext) % 16)
plaintext = plaintext + bytes([pad_length] * pad_length)
if iv is None:
iv = generate_iv()
cipher = Cipher(
algorithms.AES(key),
modes.CBC(iv),
backend=default_backend()
)
encryptor = cipher.encryptor()
ciphertext = encryptor.update(plaintext) + encryptor.finalize()
return ciphertext, iv
def decrypt_aes_cbc(ciphertext: bytes, key: bytes, iv: bytes) -> bytes:
"""
Decrypt AES-256-CBC ciphertext
Args:
ciphertext: Data to decrypt
key: Decryption key
iv: Initialization vector
Returns:
Decrypted plaintext
"""
cipher = Cipher(
algorithms.AES(key),
modes.CBC(iv),
backend=default_backend()
)
decryptor = cipher.decryptor()
padded_plaintext = decryptor.update(ciphertext) + decryptor.finalize()
# Remove padding
pad_length = padded_plaintext[-1]
plaintext = padded_plaintext[:-pad_length]
return plaintext
# 4. AES-256-GCM Encryption/Decryption (Authenticated)
def encrypt_aes_gcm(plaintext: Union[str, bytes], key: bytes, nonce: Optional[bytes] = None, associated_data: Optional[bytes] = None) -> Tuple[bytes, bytes, bytes]:
"""
Encrypt using AES-256-GCM with authentication
Args:
plaintext: Data to encrypt
key: Encryption key (32 bytes for AES-256)
nonce: Nonce (generated if None)
associated_data: Additional authenticated data
Returns:
(ciphertext, nonce, tag) tuple
"""
if isinstance(plaintext, str):
plaintext = plaintext.encode('utf-8')
if nonce is None:
nonce = generate_nonce()
cipher = Cipher(
algorithms.AES(key),
modes.GCM(nonce),
backend=default_backend()
)
encryptor = cipher.encryptor()
if associated_data:
if isinstance(associated_data, str):
associated_data = associated_data.encode('utf-8')
encryptor.authenticate_additional_data(associated_data)
ciphertext = encryptor.update(plaintext) + encryptor.finalize()
return ciphertext, nonce, encryptor.tag
def decrypt_aes_gcm(ciphertext: bytes, key: bytes, nonce: bytes, tag: bytes, associated_data: Optional[bytes] = None) -> bytes:
"""
Decrypt AES-256-GCM ciphertext with authentication
Args:
ciphertext: Data to decrypt
key: Decryption key
nonce: Nonce used for encryption
tag: Authentication tag
associated_data: Additional authenticated data
Returns:
Decrypted plaintext
Raises:
InvalidTag: If authentication fails
"""
cipher = Cipher(
algorithms.AES(key),
modes.GCM(nonce, tag),
backend=default_backend()
)
decryptor = cipher.decryptor()
if associated_data:
if isinstance(associated_data, str):
associated_data = associated_data.encode('utf-8')
decryptor.authenticate_additional_data(associated_data)
plaintext = decryptor.update(ciphertext) + decryptor.finalize()
return plaintext
# 5. AES-128/192/256 Support
def encrypt_aes(plaintext: Union[str, bytes], key: bytes, mode: str = 'CBC') -> Tuple[bytes, bytes]:
"""
Encrypt using AES with specified key size
Args:
plaintext: Data to encrypt
key: Encryption key (16/24/32 bytes for AES-128/192/256)
mode: Encryption mode ('CBC' or 'GCM')
Returns:
(ciphertext, iv/nonce) tuple
"""
if mode == 'GCM':
ciphertext, nonce, tag = encrypt_aes_gcm(plaintext, key)
return ciphertext, nonce
else:
return encrypt_aes_cbc(plaintext, key)
def decrypt_aes(ciphertext: bytes, key: bytes, iv: bytes, mode: str = 'CBC', tag: Optional[bytes] = None) -> bytes:
"""
Decrypt using AES with specified key size
Args:
ciphertext: Data to decrypt
key: Decryption key
iv: IV or nonce
mode: Encryption mode ('CBC' or 'GCM')
tag: Authentication tag (for GCM mode)
Returns:
Decrypted plaintext
"""
if mode == 'GCM':
return decrypt_aes_gcm(ciphertext, key, iv, tag)
else:
return decrypt_aes_cbc(ciphertext, key, iv)
# 6. File Encryption/Decryption
def encrypt_file(input_path: str, output_path: str, key: bytes) -> None:
"""
Encrypt file using AES-256-CBC
Args:
input_path: Input file path
output_path: Output file path
key: Encryption key
"""
with open(input_path, 'rb') as f_in:
plaintext = f_in.read()
ciphertext, iv = encrypt_aes_cbc(plaintext, key)
with open(output_path, 'wb') as f_out:
f_out.write(iv)
f_out.write(ciphertext)
def decrypt_file(input_path: str, output_path: str, key: bytes) -> None:
"""
Decrypt file using AES-256-CBC
Args:
input_path: Input file path
output_path: Output file path
key: Decryption key
"""
with open(input_path, 'rb') as f_in:
iv = f_in.read(16)
ciphertext = f_in.read()
plaintext = decrypt_aes_cbc(ciphertext, key, iv)
with open(output_path, 'wb') as f_out:
f_out.write(plaintext)
# 7. High-Level Encryption Functions
def encrypt_message(message: str, password: str, mode: str = 'GCM') -> dict:
"""
Encrypt message with password
Args:
message: Message to encrypt
password: User password
mode: Encryption mode
Returns:
Dictionary with encrypted data
"""
key, salt = generate_key_from_password(password)
if mode == 'GCM':
ciphertext, nonce, tag = encrypt_aes_gcm(message, key)
return {
'ciphertext': ciphertext.hex(),
'nonce': nonce.hex(),
'tag': tag.hex(),
'salt': salt.hex(),
'mode': 'GCM'
}
else:
ciphertext, iv = encrypt_aes_cbc(message, key)
return {
'ciphertext': ciphertext.hex(),
'iv': iv.hex(),
'salt': salt.hex(),
'mode': 'CBC'
}
def decrypt_message(encrypted_data: dict, password: str) -> str:
"""
Decrypt message with password
Args:
encrypted_data: Dictionary with encrypted data
password: User password
Returns:
Decrypted message
"""
salt = bytes.fromhex(encrypted_data['salt'])
key, _ = generate_key_from_password(password, salt)
mode = encrypted_data['mode']
ciphertext = bytes.fromhex(encrypted_data['ciphertext'])
if mode == 'GCM':
nonce = bytes.fromhex(encrypted_data['nonce'])
tag = bytes.fromhex(encrypted_data['tag'])
plaintext = decrypt_aes_gcm(ciphertext, key, nonce, tag)
else:
iv = bytes.fromhex(encrypted_data['iv'])
plaintext = decrypt_aes_cbc(ciphertext, key, iv)
return plaintext.decode('utf-8')
# 8. Key Management
def save_key(key: bytes, filepath: str) -> None:
"""
Save key to file
Args:
key: Key bytes
filepath: Output file path
"""
with open(filepath, 'wb') as f:
f.write(key)
def load_key(filepath: str) -> bytes:
"""
Load key from file
Args:
filepath: Key file path
Returns:
Key bytes
"""
with open(filepath, 'rb') as f:
return f.read()
# Usage Examples
def demonstrate_symmetric_encryption():
print("=== Web Python Symmetric Encryption Examples ===\n")
# 1. Key generation
print("--- 1. Key Generation ---")
key = generate_random_key(32)
print(f"Random key (hex): {key.hex()}")
print(f"Key size: {len(key)} bytes (AES-256)")
password = "secure_password_123"
derived_key, salt = generate_key_from_password(password)
print(f"\nPassword: {password}")
print(f"Derived key: {derived_key.hex()}")
print(f"Salt: {salt.hex()}")
# 2. AES-CBC encryption
print("\n--- 2. AES-256-CBC Encryption ---")
plaintext = "Secret message to encrypt"
key = generate_random_key(32)
ciphertext, iv = encrypt_aes_cbc(plaintext, key)
print(f"Plaintext: {plaintext}")
print(f"Ciphertext (hex): {ciphertext.hex()}")
print(f"IV (hex): {iv.hex()}")
decrypted = decrypt_aes_cbc(ciphertext, key, iv)
print(f"Decrypted: {decrypted.decode('utf-8')}")
print(f"Match: {plaintext == decrypted.decode('utf-8')}")
# 3. AES-GCM encryption
print("\n--- 3. AES-256-GCM Encryption (Authenticated) ---")
plaintext = "Authenticated secret message"
associated_data = "metadata"
ciphertext, nonce, tag = encrypt_aes_gcm(plaintext, key, associated_data=associated_data)
print(f"Plaintext: {plaintext}")
print(f"Associated data: {associated_data}")
print(f"Ciphertext (hex): {ciphertext.hex()}")
print(f"Nonce (hex): {nonce.hex()}")
print(f"Tag (hex): {tag.hex()}")
decrypted = decrypt_aes_gcm(ciphertext, key, nonce, tag, associated_data)
print(f"Decrypted: {decrypted.decode('utf-8')}")
print(f"Match: {plaintext == decrypted.decode('utf-8')}")
# 4. High-level password encryption
print("\n--- 4. Password-Based Encryption ---")
message = "Top secret data"
password = "my_secure_pass"
encrypted = encrypt_message(message, password, mode='GCM')
print(f"Original: {message}")
print(f"Encrypted data:")
for k, v in encrypted.items():
print(f" {k}: {v}")
decrypted = decrypt_message(encrypted, password)
print(f"Decrypted: {decrypted}")
print(f"Match: {message == decrypted}")
# 5. Different key sizes
print("\n--- 5. AES Key Sizes ---")
for size, name in [(16, 'AES-128'), (24, 'AES-192'), (32, 'AES-256')]:
key = generate_random_key(size)
plaintext = f"Test with {name}"
ciphertext, iv = encrypt_aes(plaintext, key, mode='CBC')
decrypted = decrypt_aes(ciphertext, key, iv, mode='CBC')
print(f"{name}: {plaintext} -> {decrypted.decode('utf-8')} (Match: {plaintext == decrypted.decode('utf-8')})")
print("\n=== All Symmetric Encryption Examples Completed ===")
# Export functions
# export { generate_random_key, generate_key_from_password }
# export { generate_iv, generate_nonce }
# export { encrypt_aes_cbc, decrypt_aes_cbc }
# export { encrypt_aes_gcm, decrypt_aes_gcm }
# export { encrypt_aes, decrypt_aes }
# export { encrypt_file, decrypt_file }
# export { encrypt_message, decrypt_message }
# export { save_key, load_key }
# export { demonstrate_symmetric_encryption }
КодpythonПростой
Кодирование Base64
Кодировать и декодировать данные используя Base64 с безопасными для URL вариантами, поддержкой файлов и преобразованиями hex
Сложность
3/10
Оценка времени
20 min
Теги
python, web, cryptography, encoding
Предварительные условия
Basic Python, base64 module
python
# Web Python Base64 Encoding Examples
# Base64 encoding/decoding with various formats
# 1. Basic Base64 Encoding/Decoding
import base64
from typing import Union
def encode_base64(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
"""
Encode data to Base64
Args:
data: Input data (string or bytes)
Returns:
Base64 encoded bytes
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return base64.b64encode(data)
def decode_base64(encoded: Union[bytes, str]) -> bytes:
"""
Decode Base64 data
Args:
encoded: Base64 encoded data
Returns:
Decoded bytes
Raises:
Error: If invalid Base64
"""
if isinstance(encoded, str):
encoded = encoded.encode('utf-8')
return base64.b64decode(encoded)
def encode_base64_string(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Encode data to Base64 string
Args:
data: Input data
Returns:
Base64 encoded string
"""
return encode_base64(data).decode('utf-8')
def decode_base64_string(encoded: str) -> str:
"""
Decode Base64 string to string
Args:
encoded: Base64 encoded string
Returns:
Decoded string
"""
return decode_base64(encoded).decode('utf-8')
# 2. URL-Safe Base64
def encode_base64_url(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
"""
Encode to URL-safe Base64
Args:
data: Input data
Returns:
URL-safe Base64 bytes
"""
if isinstance(data, str):
data = data.encode('utf-8')
return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data)
def decode_base64_url(encoded: Union[bytes, str]) -> bytes:
"""
Decode URL-safe Base64
Args:
encoded: URL-safe Base64 data
Returns:
Decoded bytes
"""
if isinstance(encoded, str):
encoded = encoded.encode('utf-8')
return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(encoded)
def encode_base64_url_string(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Encode to URL-safe Base64 string
Args:
data: Input data
Returns:
URL-safe Base64 string
"""
return encode_base64_url(data).decode('utf-8')
def decode_base64_url_string(encoded: str) -> str:
"""
Decode URL-safe Base64 string
Args:
encoded: URL-safe Base64 string
Returns:
Decoded string
"""
return decode_base64_url(encoded).decode('utf-8')
# 3. Base64 with Padding Control
def encode_base64_no_padding(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Encode to Base64 without padding
Args:
data: Input data
Returns:
Base64 string without '=' padding
"""
encoded = encode_base64_string(data)
return encoded.rstrip('=')
def decode_base64_no_padding(encoded: str) -> bytes:
"""
Decode Base64 without padding
Args:
encoded: Base64 string without padding
Returns:
Decoded bytes
"""
# Add padding if necessary
padding = len(encoded) % 4
if padding:
encoded += '=' * (4 - padding)
return decode_base64(encoded)
# 4. Hex to Base64 Conversion
def hex_to_base64(hex_string: str) -> str:
"""
Convert hex string to Base64
Args:
hex_string: Hexadecimal string
Returns:
Base64 encoded string
"""
bytes_data = bytes.fromhex(hex_string)
return encode_base64_string(bytes_data)
def base64_to_hex(encoded: str) -> str:
"""
Convert Base64 to hex string
Args:
encoded: Base64 encoded string
Returns:
Hexadecimal string
"""
bytes_data = decode_base64(encoded)
return bytes_data.hex()
# 5. File Base64 Encoding
def encode_file_base64(filepath: str) -> str:
"""
Encode file to Base64 string
Args:
filepath: Path to file
Returns:
Base64 encoded string
"""
with open(filepath, 'rb') as f:
file_data = f.read()
return encode_base64_string(file_data)
def decode_base64_to_file(encoded: str, filepath: str) -> None:
"""
Decode Base64 string to file
Args:
encoded: Base64 encoded string
filepath: Output file path
"""
file_data = decode_base64(encoded)
with open(filepath, 'wb') as f:
f.write(file_data)
def encode_file_base64_chunked(filepath: str, chunk_size: int = 8192) -> str:
"""
Encode large file to Base64 in chunks
Args:
filepath: Path to file
chunk_size: Chunk size for processing
Returns:
Base64 encoded string
"""
import base64
encoded_chunks = []
with open(filepath, 'rb') as f:
while True:
chunk = f.read(chunk_size)
if not chunk:
break
encoded_chunks.append(base64.b64encode(chunk))
return b''.join(encoded_chunks).decode('utf-8')
# 6. Base64 Variants
def encode_base64_standard(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""Standard Base64 encoding with padding"""
return encode_base64_string(data)
def encode_base64_url_safe(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""URL-safe Base64 encoding"""
return encode_base64_url_string(data).rstrip('=')
def encode_base64_mime(data: Union[str, bytes], line_length: int = 76) -> str:
"""
MIME-compatible Base64 encoding with line breaks
Args:
data: Input data
line_length: Maximum line length
Returns:
MIME-formatted Base64 string
"""
encoded = encode_base64_string(data)
lines = [encoded[i:i+line_length] for i in range(0, len(encoded), line_length)]
return '\n'.join(lines)
# 7. Validation
def is_valid_base64(encoded: str) -> bool:
"""
Check if string is valid Base64
Args:
encoded: String to validate
Returns:
True if valid Base64
"""
import re
pattern = r'^[A-Za-z0-9+/]*={0,2}$'
return bool(re.match(pattern, encoded))
def is_valid_base64_url(encoded: str) -> bool:
"""
Check if string is valid URL-safe Base64
Args:
encoded: String to validate
Returns:
True if valid URL-safe Base64
"""
import re
pattern = r'^[A-Za-z0-9_-]*={0,2}$'
return bool(re.match(pattern, encoded))
# 8. Utility Functions
def get_base64_length(original_length: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate Base64 encoded length
Args:
original_length: Original data length in bytes
Returns:
Base64 encoded length (with padding)
"""
return ((original_length + 2) // 3) * 4
def safe_base64_encode(data: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
"""
Safely encode to Base64 (handles errors)
Args:
data: Input data
Returns:
Base64 string or empty string on error
"""
try:
return encode_base64_string(data)
except Exception:
return ""
def safe_base64_decode(encoded: str) -> bytes:
"""
Safely decode Base64 (handles errors)
Args:
encoded: Base64 string
Returns:
Decoded bytes or empty bytes on error
"""
try:
return decode_base64(encoded)
except Exception:
return b''
# 9. Advanced Operations
def encode_base64_with_prefix(data: Union[str, bytes], prefix: str = 'data:') -> str:
"""
Encode with data URI prefix
Args:
data: Input data
prefix: URI prefix
Returns:
Data URI string
"""
encoded = encode_base64_string(data)
return f"{prefix};base64,{encoded}"
def decode_base64_from_uri(uri: str) -> bytes:
"""
Decode Base64 from data URI
Args:
uri: Data URI string
Returns:
Decoded bytes
"""
# Extract Base64 part
if ',' in uri:
encoded = uri.split(',', 1)[1]
return decode_base64(encoded)
return b''
def compare_base64_data(data1: Union[str, bytes], data2: Union[str, bytes]) -> bool:
"""
Compare two data via Base64 encoding
Args:
data1: First data
data2: Second data
Returns:
True if Base64 encoded values match
"""
return encode_base64_string(data1) == encode_base64_string(data2)
# Usage Examples
def demonstrate_base64_encoding():
print("=== Web Python Base64 Encoding Examples ===\n")
# 1. Basic encoding
print("--- 1. Basic Base64 Encoding ---")
data = "Hello, World!"
encoded = encode_base64_string(data)
decoded = decode_base64_string(encoded)
print(f"Original: {data}")
print(f"Encoded: {encoded}")
print(f"Decoded: {decoded}")
print(f"Match: {data == decoded}")
# 2. Bytes encoding
print("\n--- 2. Bytes Encoding ---")
bytes_data = b"Binary data \x00\x01\x02"
encoded = encode_base64_string(bytes_data)
print(f"Original bytes: {bytes_data}")
print(f"Encoded: {encoded}")
# 3. URL-safe encoding
print("\n--- 3. URL-Safe Base64 ---")
data = "[email protected]?param=value"
standard = encode_base64_string(data)
url_safe = encode_base64_url_string(data)
print(f"Original: {data}")
print(f"Standard: {standard}")
print(f"URL-safe: {url_safe}")
print(f"URL decoded: {decode_base64_url_string(url_safe)}")
# 4. No padding
print("\n--- 4. Base64 Without Padding ---")
data = "Test"
with_padding = encode_base64_string(data)
without_padding = encode_base64_no_padding(data)
print(f"Original: {data}")
print(f"With padding: {with_padding}")
print(f"Without padding: {without_padding}")
print(f"Both decode correctly: {decode_base64_string(with_padding) == decode_base64_no_padding(without_padding)}")
# 5. Hex conversion
print("\n--- 5. Hex <-> Base64 Conversion ---")
hex_data = "48656c6c6f" # "Hello" in hex
b64_from_hex = hex_to_base64(hex_data)
hex_from_b64 = base64_to_hex(b64_from_hex)
print(f"Hex: {hex_data}")
print(f"Base64: {b64_from_hex}")
print(f"Back to hex: {hex_from_b64}")
print(f"Match: {hex_data == hex_from_b64}")
# 6. MIME format
print("\n--- 6. MIME-Compatible Encoding ---")
data = "This is a longer string that will be split into multiple lines for MIME compatibility"
mime_encoded = encode_base64_mime(data, line_length=20)
print(f"Original: {data}")
print(f"MIME encoded:\n{mime_encoded}")
# 7. Validation
print("\n--- 7. Base64 Validation ---")
valid_b64 = "SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ=="
invalid_b64 = "Hello@World!"
print(f"'{valid_b64}' is valid: {is_valid_base64(valid_b64)}")
print(f"'{invalid_b64}' is valid: {is_valid_base64(invalid_b64)}")
# 8. Data URI
print("\n--- 8. Data URI Encoding ---")
data = "Sample text content"
uri = encode_base64_with_prefix(data, prefix="data:text/plain")
print(f"Data URI: {uri[:50]}...")
decoded_from_uri = decode_base64_from_uri(uri).decode('utf-8')
print(f"Decoded from URI: {decoded_from_uri}")
print(f"Match: {data == decoded_from_uri}")
# 9. Length calculation
print("\n--- 9. Base64 Length Calculation ---")
data = "A" * 10
encoded = encode_base64_string(data)
expected_length = get_base64_length(len(data))
print(f"Original length: {len(data)} bytes")
print(f"Encoded length: {len(encoded)} chars")
print(f"Expected length: {expected_length} chars")
print(f"Match: {len(encoded) == expected_length}")
# 10. Safe operations
print("\n--- 10. Safe Encoding/Decoding ---")
print(f"Safe encode: {safe_base64_encode('Safe data')}")
print(f"Safe decode valid: {safe_base64_decode('SGVsbG8=')}")
print(f"Safe decode invalid: {safe_base64_decode('Invalid!')}")
print("\n=== All Base64 Encoding Examples Completed ===")
# Export functions
# export { encode_base64, decode_base64 }
# export { encode_base64_string, decode_base64_string }
# export { encode_base64_url, decode_base64_url }
# export { encode_base64_url_string, decode_base64_url_string }
# export { encode_base64_no_padding, decode_base64_no_padding }
# export { hex_to_base64, base64_to_hex }
# export { encode_file_base64, decode_base64_to_file, encode_file_base64_chunked }
# export { encode_base64_standard, encode_base64_url_safe, encode_base64_mime }
# export { is_valid_base64, is_valid_base64_url }
# export { get_base64_length, safe_base64_encode, safe_base64_decode }
# export { encode_base64_with_prefix, decode_base64_from_uri, compare_base64_data }
# export { demonstrate_base64_encoding }
Инструменты
Инструменты, которые часто используются с этим примером
Связано