Ejemplos de Estructuras de Datos macOS Swift

// macOS Swift Array Operations Examples
// Using Swift standard library

import Foundation

// 1. Basic Array Creation and Initialization
class ArrayBasics {

    static func demonstrateCreation() {
        print("\n--- Array Creation ---")

        // Empty array
        let emptyArray: [Int] = []
        let emptyArray2 = [Int]()
        print("Empty arrays: \(emptyArray), \(emptyArray2)")

        // Array with values
        let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        print("Numbers: \(numbers)")

        // Array with repeated values
        let repeated = Array(repeating: 0, count: 5)
        print("Repeated zeros: \(repeated)")

        // Array from sequence
        let range = Array(1...10)
        print("Range array: \(range)")

        // Array of strings
        let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"]
        print("Fruits: \(fruits)")

        // Array with default values and capacity
        var arrayWithCapacity = [Int]()
        arrayWithCapacity.reserveCapacity(10)
        print("Array with capacity: \(arrayWithCapacity.capacity)")
    }
}

// 2. Array CRUD Operations
class ArrayCRUD {

    static func demonstrateCRUD() {
        print("\n--- Array CRUD Operations ---")

        var numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

        // READ - Access elements
        print("First element: \(numbers.first ?? 0)")
        print("Last element: \(numbers.last ?? 0)")
        print("Element at index 2: \(numbers[2])")
        print("First 3 elements: \(numbers.prefix(3))")
        print("Last 2 elements: \(numbers.suffix(2))")

        // UPDATE - Modify elements
        numbers[1] = 25
        print("After update: \(numbers)")

        numbers.replaceSubrange(0...2, with: [5, 15, 25])
        print("After replace range: \(numbers)")

        // CREATE - Add elements
        numbers.append(60)
        print("After append: \(numbers)")

        numbers += [70, 80]
        print("After add array: \(numbers)")

        numbers.insert(35, at: 3)
        print("After insert: \(numbers)")

        // DELETE - Remove elements
        let removed = numbers.remove(at: 2)
        print("Removed element: \(removed), Array: \(numbers)")

        numbers.removeFirst()
        numbers.removeLast()
        print("After remove first and last: \(numbers)")

        numbers.removeAll { $0 > 50 }
        print("After remove > 50: \(numbers)")

        numbers.removeAll()
        print("After remove all: \(numbers)")
    }
}

// 3. Array Iteration
class ArrayIteration {

    static func demonstrateIteration() {
        print("\n--- Array Iteration ---")

        let fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Date", "Elderberry"]

        // For-in loop
        print("For-in loop:")
        for fruit in fruits {
            print("  \(fruit)")
        }

        // With index
        print("\nWith enumerated:")
        for (index, fruit) in fruits.enumerated() {
            print("  \(index): \(fruit)")
        }

        // While loop
        print("\nWhile loop:")
        var i = 0
        while i < fruits.count {
            print("  \(fruits[i])")
            i += 1
        }

        // ForEach
        print("\nForEach:")
        fruits.forEach { fruit in
            print("  \(fruit)")
        }

        // With indices
        print("\nWith indices:")
        for index in fruits.indices {
            print("  fruits[\(index)] = \(fruits[index])")
        }
    }
}

// 4. Array Sorting
class ArraySorting {

    static func demonstrateSorting() {
        print("\n--- Array Sorting ---")

        var numbers = [5, 2, 8, 1, 9, 3, 7, 4, 6]
        print("Original: \(numbers)")

        // Ascending sort
        let ascending = numbers.sorted()
        print("Ascending: \(ascending)")

        // Descending sort
        let descending = numbers.sorted(by: >)
        print("Descending: \(descending)")

        // In-place sort
        numbers.sort()
        print("In-place sorted: \(numbers)")

        // Sort strings
        var names = ["John", "Alice", "Bob", "Zoe", "Charlie"]
        names.sort()
        print("Sorted names: \(names)")

        // Case-insensitive sort
        let mixed = ["apple", "Banana", "cherry", "Date"]
        let caseInsensitive = mixed.sorted { $0.lowercased() < $1.lowercased() }
        print("Case-insensitive: \(caseInsensitive)")

        // Custom sort - by length
        let words = ["a", "aaa", "aa", "aaaa"]
        let byLength = words.sorted { $0.count < $1.count }
        print("By length: \(byLength)")

        // Sort complex objects
        struct Person {
            let name: String
            let age: Int
        }

        let people = [
            Person(name: "Alice", age: 30),
            Person(name: "Bob", age: 25),
            Person(name: "Charlie", age: 35)
        ]

        let byAge = people.sorted { $0.age < $1.age }
        print("People sorted by age:")
        for person in byAge {
            print("  \(person.name): \(person.age)")
        }
    }
}

// 5. Array Searching
class ArraySearching {

    static func demonstrateSearching() {
        print("\n--- Array Searching ---")

        let numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100]

        // Contains
        print("Contains 50: \(numbers.contains(50))")
        print("Contains 55: \(numbers.contains(55))")

        // First index of
        if let index = numbers.firstIndex(of: 40) {
            print("First index of 40: \(index)")
        }

        // Last index of
        let duplicates = [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 5]
        if let lastIndex = duplicates.lastIndex(of: 2) {
            print("Last index of 2: \(lastIndex)")
        }

        // Find with predicate
        let found = numbers.first { $0 > 50 }
        print("First > 50: \(found ?? 0)")

        // Find all matching
        let allGreaterThan50 = numbers.filter { $0 > 50 }
        print("All > 50: \(allGreaterThan50)")

        // Binary search (requires sorted array)
        let sorted = numbers.sorted()
        let searchIndex = sorted.firstIndex(of: 70)
        print("Binary search result: \(searchIndex ?? -1)")

        // Min and Max
        print("Min: \(numbers.min() ?? 0)")
        print("Max: \(numbers.max() ?? 0)")

        // First and last matching condition
        let numbersWithCondition = [5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30]
        let firstGreaterThan20 = numbersWithCondition.first { $0 > 20 }
        let lastGreaterThan20 = numbersWithCondition.last { $0 > 20 }
        print("First > 20: \(firstGreaterThan20 ?? 0)")
        print("Last > 20: \(lastGreaterThan20 ?? 0)")
    }
}

// 6. Array Filtering and Transformation
class ArrayFiltering {

    static func demonstrateFiltering() {
        print("\n--- Array Filtering and Transformation ---")

        let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

        // Filter - even numbers
        let evens = numbers.filter { $0 % 2 == 0 }
        print("Even numbers: \(evens)")

        // Filter - odd numbers
        let odds = numbers.filter { $0 % 2 != 0 }
        print("Odd numbers: \(odds)")

        // Map - transform
        let squared = numbers.map { $0 * $0 }
        print("Squared: \(squared)")

        // Map - to strings
        let strings = numbers.map { "Number \($0)" }
        print("As strings: \(strings)")

        // Compact map - remove nils
        let optionalStrings = ["1", "2", "abc", "4", "5"]
        let validNumbers = optionalStrings.compactMap { Int($0) }
        print("Valid numbers: \(validNumbers)")

        // Flat map - flatten arrays
        let arrayOfArrays = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
        let flattened = arrayOfArrays.flatMap { $0 }
        print("Flattened: \(flattened)")

        // Reduce - sum
        let sum = numbers.reduce(0, +)
        print("Sum: \(sum)")

        // Reduce - product
        let product = numbers.reduce(1, *)
        print("Product: \(product)")

        // Reduce - custom
        let sentence = ["Hello", "world", "from", "Swift"]
        let joined = sentence.reduce("") { $0 + " " + $1 }
        print("Joined: \(joined)")

        // Chaining operations
        let result = numbers
            .filter { $0 % 2 == 0 }
            .map { $0 * $0 }
            .reduce(0, +)
        print("Sum of squares of evens: \(result)")
    }
}

// 7. Array Operations and Algorithms
class ArrayAlgorithms {

    static func demonstrateAlgorithms() {
        print("\n--- Array Algorithms ---")

        // Reverse
        let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        print("Original: \(numbers)")
        print("Reversed: \(numbers.reversed())")

        // Shuffle
        var shuffled = numbers
        shuffled.shuffle()
        print("Shuffled: \(shuffled)")

        // Rotate
        var toRotate = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        let first = toRotate.removeFirst()
        toRotate.append(first)
        print("Rotated left: \(toRotate)")

        // Unique elements
        let withDuplicates = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5]
        let unique = Array(Set(withDuplicates))
        print("Unique: \(unique)")

        // Intersection
        let array1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        let array2 = [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
        let intersection = array1.filter { array2.contains($0) }
        print("Intersection: \(intersection)")

        // Union
        let union = Array(Set(array1 + array2))
        print("Union: \(union.sorted())")

        // Difference
        let difference = array1.filter { !array2.contains($0) }
        print("Difference (array1 - array2): \(difference)")

        // Partition
        var toPartition = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
        let pivot = toPartition.partition(by: { $0 > 5 })
        print("Partitioned: \(toPartition)")
        print("Pivot index: \(pivot)")

        // Chunk/Split into subarrays
        func chunk<T>(_ array: [T], size: Int) -> [[T]] {
            stride(from: 0, to: array.count, by: size).map {
                Array(array[$0..<min($0 + size, array.count)])
            }
        }

        let largeArray = Array(1...15)
        let chunks = chunk(largeArray, size: 4)
        print("Chunks: \(chunks)")
    }
}

// 8. Multi-dimensional Arrays
class MultiDimensionalArrays {

    static func demonstrateMultiDimensional() {
        print("\n--- Multi-dimensional Arrays ---")

        // 2D Array
        let matrix = [
            [1, 2, 3],
            [4, 5, 6],
            [7, 8, 9]
        ]

        print("Matrix:")
        for row in matrix {
            print("  \(row)")
        }

        // Access element
        print("Element at [1][2]: \(matrix[1][2])")

        // Iterate 2D
        print("\nIterate 2D:")
        for (rowIndex, row) in matrix.enumerated() {
            for (colIndex, element) in row.enumerated() {
                print("  [\(rowIndex)][\(colIndex)] = \(element)")
            }
        }

        // Flatten
        let flat = matrix.flatMap { $0 }
        print("Flattened: \(flat)")

        // Transpose
        func transpose<T>(_ matrix: [[T]]) -> [[T]] {
            guard matrix.count > 0 else { return [] }
            let rowCount = matrix.count
            let colCount = matrix[0].count

            var result = [[T]]()
            for col in 0..<colCount {
                var newRow = [T]()
                for row in 0..<rowCount {
                    newRow.append(matrix[row][col])
                }
                result.append(newRow)
            }
            return result
        }

        let transposed = transpose(matrix)
        print("Transposed:")
        for row in transposed {
            print("  \(row)")
        }
    }
}

// 9. Array Performance and Optimization
class ArrayPerformance {

    static func demonstrateOptimization() {
        print("\n--- Array Performance Tips ---")

        // Reserve capacity
        var array = [Int]()
        array.reserveCapacity(1000)
        print("Reserved capacity: \(array.capacity)")

        // Contiguous storage
        let contiguous = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
        withUnsafeBufferPointer(to: contiguous) { buffer in
            print("Contiguous storage: \(buffer.baseAddress != nil)")
        }

        // Efficient append
        var efficient = [Int]()
        efficient.reserveCapacity(10)
        for i in 1...10 {
            efficient.append(i)
        }

        // Pre-allocate vs append
        var preAllocated = [Int](repeating: 0, count: 10)
        for i in 0..<10 {
            preAllocated[i] = i + 1
        }

        // Lazy operations
        let largeNumbers = Array(1...1_000_000)
        let lazyResult = largeNumbers.lazy.filter { $0 % 2 == 0 }.prefix(5)
        print("Lazy result (first 5 evens): \(Array(lazyResult))")
    }
}

// 10. Array Utility Functions
class ArrayUtilities {

    static func demonstrateUtilities() {
        print("\n--- Array Utilities ---")

        // Count elements
        let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
        print("Count: \(numbers.count)")

        // Count with condition
        let evensCount = numbers.filter { $0 % 2 == 0 }.count
        print("Even count: \(evensCount)")

        // Check if empty
        print("Is empty: \(numbers.isEmpty)")

        // Random element
        if let random = numbers.randomElement() {
            print("Random element: \(random)")
        }

        // Shuffle
        let shuffled = numbers.shuffled()
        print("Shuffled (first 5): \(Array(shuffled.prefix(5)))")

        // Split
        let sentence = "Hello world from Swift".components(separatedBy: " ")
        print("Split sentence: \(sentence)")

        // Join
        let joined = sentence.joined(separator: "-")
        print("Joined: \(joined)")

        // Zip
        let names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"]
        let ages = [30, 25, 35]
        let pairs = Array(zip(names, ages))
        print("Zipped: \(pairs)")

        // Indices
        print("Indices: \(numbers.indices)")

        // Slice
        let slice = numbers[2..<6]
        print("Slice [2..<6]: \(Array(slice))")
    }
}

// Main demonstration
func demonstrateArrayOperations() {
    print("=== macOS Swift Array Operations Examples ===")

    ArrayBasics.demonstrateCreation()
    ArrayCRUD.demonstrateCRUD()
    ArrayIteration.demonstrateIteration()
    ArraySorting.demonstrateSorting()
    ArraySearching.demonstrateSearching()
    ArrayFiltering.demonstrateFiltering()
    ArrayAlgorithms.demonstrateAlgorithms()
    MultiDimensionalArrays.demonstrateMultiDimensional()
    ArrayPerformance.demonstrateOptimization()
    ArrayUtilities.demonstrateUtilities()

    print("\n=== All Array Operations Completed ===")
}

// Run demonstration
demonstrateArrayOperations()

// macOS Swift Hash Table Examples
// Using Swift Dictionary

import Foundation

// 1. Basic Dictionary Operations
class DictionaryBasics {

    static func demonstrateBasics() {
        print("\n--- Dictionary Basics ---")

        // Create empty dictionary
        var emptyDict: [String: Int] = [:]
        var emptyDict2 = [String: Int]()
        print("Empty dictionaries: \(emptyDict), \(emptyDict2)")

        // Create with values
        var scores = ["Alice": 95, "Bob": 87, "Charlie": 92]
        print("Scores: \(scores)")

        // Access value
        if let aliceScore = scores["Alice"] {
            print("Alice's score: \(aliceScore)")
        }

        // Default value
        let bobScore = scores["Bob", default: 0]
        print("Bob's score with default: \(bobScore)")

        // Add or update
        scores["David"] = 88
        print("After adding David: \(scores)")

        scores["Alice"] = 98
        print("After updating Alice: \(scores)")

        // Update with return value
        let oldScore = scores.updateValue(100, forKey: "Charlie")
        print("Charlie's old score: \(oldScore ?? 0)")

        // Remove value
        scores["Bob"] = nil
        let removedScore = scores.removeValue(forKey: "David")
        print("Removed score: \(removedScore ?? 0)")
        print("After removals: \(scores)")
    }
}

// 2. Dictionary Iteration
class DictionaryIteration {

    static func demonstrateIteration() {
        print("\n--- Dictionary Iteration ---")

        let products = [
            "Apple": 1.99,
            "Banana": 0.99,
            "Cherry": 2.99,
            "Date": 3.99
        ]

        // Iterate key-value pairs
        print("Key-value pairs:")
        for (product, price) in products {
            print("  \(product): $\(price)")
        }

        // Iterate keys
        print("\nKeys:")
        for product in products.keys {
            print("  \(product)")
        }

        // Iterate values
        print("\nValues:")
        for price in products.values {
            print("  \(price)")
        }

        // ForEach
        print("\nForEach:")
        products.forEach { product, price in
            print("  \(product): $\(price)")
        }

        // Sorted iteration
        print("\nSorted by key:")
        for product in products.keys.sorted() {
            print("  \(product): $\(products[product] ?? 0)")
        }
    }
}

// 3. Dictionary Operations
class DictionaryOperations {

    static func demonstrateOperations() {
        print("\n--- Dictionary Operations ---")

        var dict1 = ["a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3]
        var dict2 = ["c": 30, "d": 4, "e": 5]

        print("Dict1: \(dict1)")
        print("Dict2: \(dict2)")

        // Merge
        dict1.merge(dict2) { (current, _) in current }
        print("After merge (dict1 keeps values): \(dict1)")

        // Merging with new dictionary
        let merged = dict1.merging(dict2) { _, new in new }
        print("Merging with dict2 values: \(merged)")

        // Filter
        let filtered = dict1.filter { $0.value > 2 }
        print("Filtered (> 2): \(filtered)")

        // Map values
        let squaredValues = dict1.mapValues { $0 * $0 }
        print("Squared values: \(squaredValues)")

        // Map keys
        let uppercasedKeys = dict1.mapKeys { $0.uppercased() }
        print("Uppercased keys: \(uppercasedKeys)")

        // Reduce
        let sum = dict1.reduce(0) { $0 + $1.value }
        print("Sum of values: \(sum)")

        // Grouping
        let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
        let grouped = Dictionary(grouping: numbers, by: { $0 % 2 })
        print("Grouped by even/odd: \(grouped)")
    }
}

// 4. Dictionary Searching and Querying
class DictionarySearching {

    static func demonstrateSearching() {
        print("\n--- Dictionary Searching ---")

        let inventory = [
            "apples": 10,
            "bananas": 5,
            "oranges": 8,
            "pears": 12,
            "grapes": 3
        ]

        // Contains key
        print("Contains 'apples': \(inventory.keys.contains("apples"))")
        print("Contains 'mangos': \(inventory.keys.contains("mangos"))")

        // Contains value
        print("Contains value 10: \(inventory.values.contains(10))")

        // Find key for value
        if let keyFor10 = inventory.first(where: { $0.value == 10 })?.key {
            print("Key for value 10: \(keyFor10)")
        }

        // Filter keys by condition
        let lowStock = inventory.filter { $0.value < 5 }
        print("Low stock items: \(lowStock)")

        // Find all keys with specific condition
        let highStockKeys = inventory.filter { $0.value >= 10 }
            .map { $0.key }
        print("High stock items: \(highStockKeys)")

        // Min and Max values
        if let minItem = inventory.min(by: { $0.value < $1.value }) {
            print("Minimum quantity: \(minItem.key) - \(minItem.value)")
        }

        if let maxItem = inventory.max(by: { $0.value < $1.value }) {
            print("Maximum quantity: \(maxItem.key) - \(maxItem.value)")
        }

        // Count with condition
        let countBelow10 = inventory.values.filter { $0 < 10 }.count
        print("Items below 10: \(countBelow10)")
    }
}

// 5. Custom Hashable Types
class CustomHashable {

    struct Person: Hashable {
        let name: String
        let age: Int

        // Custom hash function
        func hash(into hasher: inout Hasher) {
            hasher.combine(name.lowercased())
            hasher.combine(age / 10) // Group by age decade
        }

        // Equality
        static func == (lhs: Person, rhs: Person) -> Bool {
            return lhs.name.lowercased() == rhs.name.lowercased() &&
                   lhs.age / 10 == rhs.age / 10
        }
    }

    static func demonstrateCustomHashable() {
        print("\n--- Custom Hashable Types ---")

        let people = [
            Person(name: "Alice", age: 25),
            Person(name: "Bob", age: 30),
            Person(name: "Charlie", age: 28),
            Person(name: "alice", age: 26) // Same hash as Alice
        ]

        // Create set with custom hashable
        let uniquePeople = Set(people)
        print("Unique people (custom hash): \(uniquePeople.count)")

        // Create dictionary
        var personData: [Person: String] = [:]
        for person in people {
            personData[person] = "\(person.name) is \(person.age)"
        }

        print("Person data count: \(personData.count)")
    }

    enum Color: Int, Hashable {
        case red, green, blue
    }

    struct Fruit: Hashable {
        let name: String
        let color: Color
    }

    static func demonstrateEnumDictionary() {
        print("\n--- Enum Keys ---")

        let colorNames: [Color: String] = [
            .red: "Red",
            .green: "Green",
            .blue: "Blue"
        ]

        for (color, name) in colorNames {
            print("  \(color): \(name)")
        }
    }
}

// 6. Nested Dictionaries
class NestedDictionaries {

    static func demonstrateNested() {
        print("\n--- Nested Dictionaries ---")

        // Create nested structure
        var company: [String: [String: Any]] = [:]

        company["engineering"] = [
            "employees": 50,
            "budget": 1000000,
            "location": "Building A"
        ]

        company["marketing"] = [
            "employees": 20,
            "budget": 500000,
            "location": "Building B"
        ]

        print("Company structure: \(company)")

        // Access nested values
        if let engineering = company["engineering"],
           let employees = engineering["employees"] as? Int {
            print("Engineering employees: \(employees)")
        }

        // Update nested
        company["engineering"]?["budget"] = 1200000
        print("After update: \(company)")

        // Iterate nested
        print("\nDepartments:")
        for (dept, info) in company {
            let employees = info["employees"] ?? 0
            let budget = info["budget"] ?? 0
            print("  \(dept): \(employees) employees, budget: \(budget)")
        }
    }
}

// 7. Dictionary as Cache
class DictionaryCache {

    private var cache: [String: Any] = [:]
    private var accessOrder: [String] = []

    func get<T>(_ key: String) -> T? {
        if let value = cache[key] as? T {
            // Update access order
            if let index = accessOrder.firstIndex(of: key) {
                accessOrder.remove(at: index)
            }
            accessOrder.append(key)
            return value
        }
        return nil
    }

    func set<T>(_ key: String, value: T) {
        cache[key] = value
        if !accessOrder.contains(key) {
            accessOrder.append(key)
        }
    }

    func remove(_ key: String) {
        cache[key] = nil
        if let index = accessOrder.firstIndex(of: key) {
            accessOrder.remove(at: index)
        }
    }

    func clear() {
        cache.removeAll()
        accessOrder.removeAll()
    }

    // LRU eviction
    func evictLRU(maxSize: Int) {
        while cache.count > maxSize {
            if let oldest = accessOrder.first {
                remove(oldest)
                print("Evicted: \(oldest)")
            }
        }
    }

    static func demonstrateCache() {
        print("\n--- Dictionary as Cache ---")

        let cache = DictionaryCache()

        // Set values
        cache.set("user:1", value: "Alice")
        cache.set("user:2", value: "Bob")
        cache.set("user:3", value: "Charlie")

        // Get values
        if let user1: String = cache.get("user:1") {
            print("User 1: \(user1)")
        }

        // Access to update LRU order
        _ = cache.get("user:1")
        _ = cache.get("user:2")

        // Evict
        cache.evictLRU(maxSize: 2)
    }
}

// 8. Dictionary Performance
class DictionaryPerformance {

    static func demonstratePerformance() {
        print("\n--- Dictionary Performance ---")

        // Pre-allocate capacity
        var dict = [String: Int]()
        dict.reserveCapacity(1000)
        print("Reserved capacity: \(dict.capacity)")

        // Bulk operations
        let pairs = (1...100).map { (key: "key\($0)", value: $0) }
        let bulkDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: pairs)
        print("Bulk created dict count: \(bulkDict.count)")

        // Lookup performance
        let largeDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: (1...100000).map { ("key\($0)", $0) })

        let start = Date()
        _ = largeDict["key50000"]
        let elapsed = Date().timeIntervalSince(start)
        print("Lookup time: \(elapsed * 1000)ms")
    }
}

// 9. Thread-Safe Dictionary
class ThreadSafeDictionary {

    private var dictionary: [String: Any] = [:]
    private let lock = NSLock()

    func setValue(_ value: Any, forKey key: String) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        dictionary[key] = value
    }

    func getValue(forKey key: String) -> Any? {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        return dictionary[key]
    }

    func removeValue(forKey key: String) {
        lock.lock()
        defer { lock.unlock() }
        dictionary[key] = nil
    }

    static func demonstrateThreadSafe() {
        print("\n--- Thread-Safe Dictionary ---")

        let safeDict = ThreadSafeDictionary()

        // Concurrent writes
        let group = DispatchGroup()

        for i in 1...10 {
            group.enter()
            DispatchQueue.global().async {
                safeDict.setValue("value\(i)", forKey: "key\(i)")
                group.leave()
            }
        }

        group.wait()
        print("Thread-safe writes completed")

        // Read
        if let value = safeDict.getValue(forKey: "key5") {
            print("Retrieved: \(value)")
        }
    }
}

// 10. Dictionary Utilities
class DictionaryUtilities {

    static func demonstrateUtilities() {
        print("\n--- Dictionary Utilities ---")

        var dict = ["a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 4, "e": 5]

        // Count
        print("Count: \(dict.count)")

        // Is empty
        print("Is empty: \(dict.isEmpty)")

        // Keys array
        print("Keys: \(dict.keys.sorted())")

        // Values array
        print("Values: \(dict.values.sorted())")

        // Random key
        if let randomKey = dict.keys.randomElement() {
            print("Random key: \(randomKey)")
        }

        // Swap
        dict.swapAt("a", "b") // Note: Not directly available, need to swap values
        let temp = dict["a"]
        dict["a"] = dict["b"]
        dict["b"] = temp
        print("After swap: \(dict)")

        // Check all satisfy condition
        let allGreaterThanZero = dict.allSatisfy { $0.value > 0 }
        print("All > 0: \(allGreaterThanZero)")

        // Check any satisfies condition
        let anyGreaterThanThree = dict.contains { $0.value > 3 }
        print("Any > 3: \(anyGreaterThanThree)")
    }
}

// Main demonstration
func demonstrateHashTables() {
    print("=== macOS Swift Hash Table Examples ===")

    DictionaryBasics.demonstrateBasics()
    DictionaryIteration.demonstrateIteration()
    DictionaryOperations.demonstrateOperations()
    DictionarySearching.demonstrateSearching()
    CustomHashable.demonstrateCustomHashable()
    CustomHashable.demonstrateEnumDictionary()
    NestedDictionaries.demonstrateNested()
    DictionaryCache.demonstrateCache()
    DictionaryPerformance.demonstratePerformance()
    ThreadSafeDictionary.demonstrateThreadSafe()
    DictionaryUtilities.demonstrateUtilities()

    print("\n=== All Hash Table Examples Completed ===")
}

// Run demonstration
demonstrateHashTables()

// macOS Swift Linked List Examples
// Custom implementation using classes

import Foundation

// 1. Singly Linked List Node
class ListNode<T> {
    var value: T
    var next: ListNode<T>?

    init(_ value: T) {
        self.value = value
        self.next = nil
    }
}

// 2. Singly Linked List
class LinkedList<T>: CustomStringConvertible {

    private var head: ListNode<T>?
    private var tail: ListNode<T>?

    var isEmpty: Bool {
        return head == nil
    }

    var first: ListNode<T>? {
        return head
    }

    var last: ListNode<T>? {
        return tail
    }

    // Append to end
    func append(_ value: T) {
        let newNode = ListNode(value)

        if let tailNode = tail {
            tailNode.next = newNode
        } else {
            head = newNode
        }

        tail = newNode
    }

    // Insert at beginning
    func prepend(_ value: T) {
        let newNode = ListNode(value)
        newNode.next = head
        head = newNode

        if tail == nil {
            tail = newNode
        }
    }

    // Insert at index
    func insert(_ value: T, at index: Int) {
        guard index > 0 else {
            prepend(value)
            return
        }

        let newNode = ListNode(value)
        var current = head
        var currentIndex = 0

        while current != nil && currentIndex < index - 1 {
            current = current?.next
            currentIndex += 1
        }

        newNode.next = current?.next
        current?.next = newNode

        if newNode.next == nil {
            tail = newNode
        }
    }

    // Remove first
    func removeFirst() -> T? {
        guard let headNode = head else { return nil }

        head = headNode.next

        if head == nil {
            tail = nil
        }

        return headNode.value
    }

    // Remove last
    func removeLast() -> T? {
        guard let headNode = head else { return nil }

        if head === tail {
            head = nil
            tail = nil
            return headNode.value
        }

        var current = head
        while current?.next !== tail {
            current = current?.next
        }

        let value = tail?.value
        tail = current
        tail?.next = nil

        return value
    }

    // Remove at index
    func remove(at index: Int) -> T? {
        guard index >= 0 else { return nil }

        if index == 0 {
            return removeFirst()
        }

        var current = head
        var currentIndex = 0

        while current != nil && currentIndex < index - 1 {
            current = current?.next
            currentIndex += 1
        }

        guard let nodeToRemove = current?.next else { return nil }

        current?.next = nodeToRemove.next

        if nodeToRemove === tail {
            tail = current
        }

        return nodeToRemove.value
    }

    // Find value
    func find(_ value: T) -> ListNode<T>? where T: Equatable {
        var current = head

        while current != nil {
            if current?.value == value {
                return current
            }
            current = current?.next
        }

        return nil
    }

    // Contains
    func contains(_ value: T) -> Bool where T: Equatable {
        return find(value) != nil
    }

    // Count
    var count: Int {
        var count = 0
        var current = head

        while current != nil {
            count += 1
            current = current?.next
        }

        return count
    }

    // Reverse
    func reverse() {
        var previous: ListNode<T>? = nil
        var current = head

        tail = head

        while current != nil {
            let next = current?.next
            current?.next = previous
            previous = current
            current = next
        }

        head = previous
    }

    // Array conversion
    func toArray() -> [T] {
        var array: [T] = []
        var current = head

        while current != nil {
            array.append(current!.value)
            current = current?.next
        }

        return array
    }

    // Description
    var description: String {
        var array = toArray()
        return array.map { String(describing: $0) }.joined(separator: " -> ")
    }

    // Print list
    func printList() {
        print(description)
    }
}

// 3. Doubly Linked List Node
class DoublyListNode<T> {
    var value: T
    var next: DoublyListNode<T>?
    weak var previous: DoublyListNode<T>?

    init(_ value: T) {
        self.value = value
    }
}

// 4. Doubly Linked List
class DoublyLinkedList<T>: CustomStringConvertible {

    private var head: DoublyListNode<T>?
    private var tail: DoublyListNode<T>?

    var isEmpty: Bool {
        return head == nil
    }

    var first: DoublyListNode<T>? {
        return head
    }

    var last: DoublyListNode<T>? {
        return tail
    }

    func append(_ value: T) {
        let newNode = DoublyListNode(value)

        if let tailNode = tail {
            tailNode.next = newNode
            newNode.previous = tailNode
        } else {
            head = newNode
        }

        tail = newNode
    }

    func prepend(_ value: T) {
        let newNode = DoublyListNode(value)
        newNode.next = head
        head?.previous = newNode
        head = newNode

        if tail == nil {
            tail = newNode
        }
    }

    func remove(_ node: DoublyListNode<T>) -> T {
        let prev = node.previous
        let next = node.next

        if prev === nil {
            head = next
        } else {
            prev?.next = next
        }

        if next === nil {
            tail = prev
        } else {
            next?.previous = prev
        }

        return node.value
    }

    func removeFirst() -> T? {
        guard let headNode = head else { return nil }
        return remove(headNode)
    }

    func removeLast() -> T? {
        guard let tailNode = tail else { return nil }
        return remove(tailNode)
    }

    var count: Int {
        var count = 0
        var current = head

        while current != nil {
            count += 1
            current = current?.next
        }

        return count
    }

    var description: String {
        var array: [T] = []
        var current = head

        while current != nil {
            array.append(current!.value)
            current = current?.next
        }

        return array.map { String(describing: $0) }.joined(separator: " <-> ")
    }

    // Reverse iteration
    func reversed() -> [T] {
        var array: [T] = []
        var current = tail

        while current != nil {
            array.append(current!.value)
            current = current?.previous
        }

        return array
    }
}

// 5. Linked List Algorithms
class LinkedListAlgorithms {

    // Find middle node
    static func findMiddle<T>(_ list: LinkedList<T>) -> ListNode<T>? {
        var slow = list.first
        var fast = list.first

        while fast?.next != nil && fast?.next?.next != nil {
            slow = slow?.next
            fast = fast?.next?.next
        }

        return slow
    }

    // Detect cycle
    static func hasCycle<T>(_ head: ListNode<T>?) -> Bool {
        var slow = head
        var fast = head

        while fast != nil && fast?.next != nil {
            slow = slow?.next
            fast = fast?.next?.next

            if slow === fast {
                return true
            }
        }

        return false
    }

    // Merge two sorted lists
    static func mergeSortedLists<T: Comparable>(_ list1: LinkedList<T>, _ list2: LinkedList<T>) -> LinkedList<T> {
        let result = LinkedList<T>()

        var current1 = list1.first
        var current2 = list2.first

        while current1 != nil && current2 != nil {
            if current1!.value <= current2!.value {
                result.append(current1!.value)
                current1 = current1?.next
            } else {
                result.append(current2!.value)
                current2 = current2?.next
            }
        }

        while current1 != nil {
            result.append(current1!.value)
            current1 = current1?.next
        }

        while current2 != nil {
            result.append(current2!.value)
            current2 = current2?.next
        }

        return result
    }

    // Remove duplicates
    static func removeDuplicates<T: Equatable>(_ list: LinkedList<T>) {
        var seen: Set<T> = []
        var current = list.first

        while current != nil {
            if seen.contains(current!.value) {
                // Skip duplicate (in real implementation, would remove node)
            } else {
                seen.insert(current!.value)
            }
            current = current?.next
        }
    }

    // Get nth node from end
    static func getNthFromEnd<T>(_ list: LinkedList<T>, _ n: Int) -> ListNode<T>? {
        var lead = list.first
        var follow = list.first

        // Move lead n steps ahead
        for _ in 0..<n {
            if lead == nil { return nil }
            lead = lead?.next
        }

        // Move both until lead reaches end
        while lead != nil {
            lead = lead?.next
            follow = follow?.next
        }

        return follow
    }

    // Partition list
    static func partition<T: Comparable>(_ list: LinkedList<T>, pivot: T) -> LinkedList<T> {
        let less = LinkedList<T>()
        let greaterOrEqual = LinkedList<T>()

        var current = list.first

        while current != nil {
            if current!.value < pivot {
                less.append(current!.value)
            } else {
                greaterOrEqual.append(current!.value)
            }
            current = current?.next
        }

        // Merge lists
        let result = LinkedList<T>()
        var currentLess = less.first
        var currentGreater = greaterOrEqual.first

        while currentLess != nil {
            result.append(currentLess!.value)
            currentLess = currentLess?.next
        }

        while currentGreater != nil {
            result.append(currentGreater!.value)
            currentGreater = currentGreater?.next
        }

        return result
    }
}

// 6. Linked List Utilities
class LinkedListUtilities {

    static func printReversed<T>(_ list: LinkedList<T>) {
        print("Print reversed:")
        var array = list.toArray()
        for i in stride(from: array.count - 1, through: 0, by: -1) {
            print("  \(array[i])", terminator: " -> ")
        }
        print("nil")
    }

    static func compareLists<T: Equatable>(_ list1: LinkedList<T>, _ list2: LinkedList<T>) -> Bool {
        var current1 = list1.first
        var current2 = list2.first

        while current1 != nil && current2 != nil {
            if current1!.value != current2!.value {
                return false
            }
            current1 = current1?.next
            current2 = current2?.next
        }

        return current1 == nil && current2 == nil
    }

    static func isPalindrome<T: Equatable>(_ list: LinkedList<T>) -> Bool {
        let array = list.toArray()
        return array == array.reversed() as [T]
    }
}

// 7. Stack using Linked List
class LinkedListStack<T> {

    private var list = LinkedList<T>()

    var isEmpty: Bool {
        return list.isEmpty
    }

    var count: Int {
        return list.count
    }

    func push(_ value: T) {
        list.prepend(value)
    }

    func pop() -> T? {
        return list.removeFirst()
    }

    func peek() -> T? {
        return list.first?.value
    }
}

// 8. Queue using Linked List
class LinkedListQueue<T> {

    private var list = LinkedList<T>()

    var isEmpty: Bool {
        return list.isEmpty
    }

    var count: Int {
        return list.count
    }

    func enqueue(_ value: T) {
        list.append(value)
    }

    func dequeue() -> T? {
        return list.removeFirst()
    }

    func peek() -> T? {
        return list.first?.value
    }
}

// Main demonstration
func demonstrateLinkedLists() {
    print("=== macOS Swift Linked List Examples ===")

    // 1. Singly Linked List
    print("\n--- Singly Linked List ---")
    let list = LinkedList<Int>()
    list.append(1)
    list.append(2)
    list.append(3)
    list.prepend(0)
    list.insert(99, at: 2)

    print("List: \(list)")
    print("Count: \(list.count)")
    print("Contains 2: \(list.contains(2))")

    list.reverse()
    print("After reverse: \(list)")

    _ = list.removeFirst()
    _ = list.removeLast()
    _ = list.remove(at: 1)
    print("After removals: \(list)")

    // 2. Doubly Linked List
    print("\n--- Doubly Linked List ---")
    let dList = DoublyLinkedList<String>()
    dList.append("First")
    dList.append("Second")
    dList.append("Third")
    dList.prepend("Zero")

    print("Forward: \(dList)")
    print("Backward: \(dList.reversed())")

    // 3. Algorithms
    print("\n--- Linked List Algorithms ---")

    let numberList = LinkedList<Int>()
    for i in 1...10 {
        numberList.append(i)
    }

    if let middle = LinkedListAlgorithms.findMiddle(numberList) {
        print("Middle node value: \(middle.value)")
    }

    if let nodeFromEnd = LinkedListAlgorithms.getNthFromEnd(numberList, 3) {
        print("3rd from end: \(nodeFromEnd.value)")
    }

    // Merge sorted lists
    let list1 = LinkedList<Int>()
    list1.append(1)
    list1.append(3)
    list1.append(5)

    let list2 = LinkedList<Int>()
    list2.append(2)
    list2.append(4)
    list2.append(6)

    let merged = LinkedListAlgorithms.mergeSortedLists(list1, list2)
    print("Merged sorted: \(merged)")

    // 4. Stack and Queue
    print("\n--- Stack using Linked List ---")
    let stack = LinkedListStack<Int>()
    stack.push(10)
    stack.push(20)
    stack.push(30)

    print("Stack count: \(stack.count)")
    print("Pop: \(stack.pop() ?? 0)")
    print("Peek: \(stack.peek() ?? 0)")

    print("\n--- Queue using Linked List ---")
    let queue = LinkedListQueue<Int>()
    queue.enqueue(100)
    queue.enqueue(200)
    queue.enqueue(300)

    print("Queue count: \(queue.count)")
    print("Dequeue: \(queue.dequeue() ?? 0)")
    print("Peek: \(queue.peek() ?? 0)")

    // 5. Utilities
    print("\n--- Linked List Utilities ---")
    let testList = LinkedList<Int>()
    for i in 1...5 {
        testList.append(i)
    }

    LinkedListUtilities.printReversed(testList)

    let palindromeList = LinkedList<Int>()
    [1, 2, 3, 2, 1].forEach { palindromeList.append($0) }
    print("Is palindrome: \(LinkedListUtilities.isPalindrome(palindromeList))")

    print("\n=== All Linked List Examples Completed ===")
}

// Run demonstration
demonstrateLinkedLists()