OAuth 2.0 Beispiele

// OAuth 2.0 Authorization Code Flow with PKCE Implementation

const crypto = require('crypto');
const axios = require('axios');

class OAuth2Client {
    constructor(config) {
        this.clientId = config.clientId;
        this.clientSecret = config.clientSecret;
        this.redirectUri = config.redirectUri;
        this.authServer = config.authServer;
        this.tokenEndpoint = config.tokenEndpoint;
        this.scope = config.scope || 'read';
    }

    // Generate PKCE verifier and challenge
    generatePKCE() {
        const verifier = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('base64url');
        const challenge = crypto.createHash('sha256')
            .update(verifier)
            .digest('base64url');

        return { verifier, challenge };
    }

    // Build authorization URL
    buildAuthorizationUrl(state, codeChallenge, additionalParams = {}) {
        const params = new URLSearchParams({
            response_type: 'code',
            client_id: this.clientId,
            redirect_uri: this.redirectUri,
            scope: this.scope,
            state: state,
            code_challenge: codeChallenge,
            code_challenge_method: 'S256',
            ...additionalParams
        });

        return `${this.authServer}/authorize?${params.toString()}`;
    }

    // Exchange authorization code for tokens
    async exchangeCodeForTokens(code, codeVerifier, state) {
        try {
            const response = await axios.post(this.tokenEndpoint,
                new URLSearchParams({
                    grant_type: 'authorization_code',
                    client_id: this.clientId,
                    client_secret: this.clientSecret,
                    code: code,
                    redirect_uri: this.redirectUri,
                    code_verifier: codeVerifier,
                    state: state
                }),
                {
                    headers: {
                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                        'Accept': 'application/json'
                    }
                }
            );

            return {
                accessToken: response.data.access_token,
                refreshToken: response.data.refresh_token,
                tokenType: response.data.token_type,
                expiresIn: response.data.expires_in,
                scope: response.data.scope
            };
        } catch (error) {
            console.error('Token exchange failed:', error.response?.data || error.message);
            throw new Error('Failed to exchange authorization code for tokens');
        }
    }

    // Refresh access token
    async refreshAccessToken(refreshToken) {
        try {
            const response = await axios.post(this.tokenEndpoint,
                new URLSearchParams({
                    grant_type: 'refresh_token',
                    refresh_token: refreshToken,
                    client_id: this.clientId,
                    client_secret: this.clientSecret
                }),
                {
                    headers: {
                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                        'Accept': 'application/json'
                    }
                }
            );

            return {
                accessToken: response.data.access_token,
                refreshToken: response.data.refresh_token || refreshToken,
                expiresIn: response.data.expires_in
            };
        } catch (error) {
            console.error('Token refresh failed:', error.response?.data || error.message);
            throw new Error('Failed to refresh access token');
        }
    }

    // Revoke token
    async revokeToken(token, tokenTypeHint = 'access_token') {
        try {
            await axios.post(`${this.authServer}/revoke`,
                new URLSearchParams({
                    token: token,
                    token_type_hint: tokenTypeHint,
                    client_id: this.clientId,
                    client_secret: this.clientSecret
                }),
                {
                    headers: {
                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
                    }
                }
            );
            return true;
        } catch (error) {
            console.error('Token revocation failed:', error.response?.data || error.message);
            return false;
        }
    }

    // Validate token (introspection)
    async validateToken(token) {
        try {
            const response = await axios.post(`${this.authServer}/introspect`,
                new URLSearchParams({
                    token: token,
                    client_id: this.clientId,
                    client_secret: this.clientSecret
                }),
                {
                    headers: {
                        'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
                    }
                }
            );

            return {
                active: response.data.active,
                scope: response.data.scope,
                clientId: response.data.client_id,
                username: response.data.username,
                expiresAt: response.data.exp,
                issuedAt: response.data.iat
            };
        } catch (error) {
            console.error('Token validation failed:', error.response?.data || error.message);
            return { active: false };
        }
    }
}

// Usage Example
const oauth2Config = {
    clientId: 'your-client-id',
    clientSecret: 'your-client-secret',
    redirectUri: 'https://your-app.com/callback',
    authServer: 'https://auth.example.com',
    tokenEndpoint: 'https://auth.example.com/oauth/token',
    scope: 'read write profile'
};

const oauth2Client = new OAuth2Client(oauth2Config);

// Example: Authorization flow
async function initiateAuthorization() {
    const state = crypto.randomBytes(16).toString('hex');
    const { verifier, challenge } = oauth2Client.generatePKCE();

    // Store state and verifier in session for later verification
    sessionStorage.setItem('oauth_state', state);
    sessionStorage.setItem('code_verifier', verifier);

    const authUrl = oauth2Client.buildAuthorizationUrl(state, challenge);

    // Redirect user to authorization server
    console.log('Redirect to:', authUrl);
    // window.location.href = authUrl;
}

// Example: Handle callback
async function handleCallback(code, state, receivedState) {
    const storedState = sessionStorage.getItem('oauth_state');
    const codeVerifier = sessionStorage.getItem('code_verifier');

    if (receivedState !== storedState) {
        throw new Error('Invalid state parameter - possible CSRF attack');
    }

    const tokens = await oauth2Client.exchangeCodeForTokens(code, codeVerifier, state);

    // Store tokens securely
    localStorage.setItem('access_token', tokens.accessToken);
    localStorage.setItem('refresh_token', tokens.refreshToken);

    sessionStorage.removeItem('oauth_state');
    sessionStorage.removeItem('code_verifier');

    return tokens;
}

// Example: API request with token
async function makeAuthenticatedRequest(url, accessToken) {
    try {
        const response = await axios.get(url, {
            headers: {
                'Authorization': `Bearer ${accessToken}`,
                'Accept': 'application/json'
            }
        });
        return response.data;
    } catch (error) {
        if (error.response?.status === 401) {
            // Token expired, try to refresh
            const refreshToken = localStorage.getItem('refresh_token');
            if (refreshToken) {
                const newTokens = await oauth2Client.refreshAccessToken(refreshToken);
                localStorage.setItem('access_token', newTokens.accessToken);
                localStorage.setItem('refresh_token', newTokens.refreshToken);

                // Retry request with new token
                return makeAuthenticatedRequest(url, newTokens.accessToken);
            }
        }
        throw error;
    }
}

// Export for use in other modules
module.exports = { OAuth2Client };

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials Flow Implementation
Used for machine-to-machine authentication where no user interaction is required.
"""

import base64
import secrets
import time
import requests
from typing import Dict, Optional, Any
from urllib.parse import urlencode


class OAuth2ClientCredentials:
    """OAuth 2.0 Client Credentials Grant implementation"""

    def __init__(
        self,
        client_id: str,
        client_secret: str,
        token_endpoint: str,
        scope: Optional[str] = None
    ):
        self.client_id = client_id
        self.client_secret = client_secret
        self.token_endpoint = token_endpoint
        self.scope = scope
        self._access_token = None
        self._token_expires_at = 0
        self._refresh_token = None

    def _get_basic_auth_header(self) -> str:
        """Create Basic Authentication header"""
        credentials = f"{self.client_id}:{self.client_secret}"
        encoded_credentials = base64.b64encode(credentials.encode()).decode()
        return f"Basic {encoded_credentials}"

    def _is_token_expired(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the current token is expired or will expire soon"""
        return time.time() >= (self._token_expires_at - 60)  # 60-second buffer

    def get_access_token(self, force_refresh: bool = False) -> str:
        """
        Get a valid access token, refreshing if necessary

        Args:
            force_refresh: Force token refresh even if current token is valid

        Returns:
            Valid access token
        """
        if not force_refresh and self._access_token and not self._is_token_expired():
            return self._access_token

        return self._fetch_new_token()

    def _fetch_new_token(self) -> str:
        """Fetch a new access token from the authorization server"""
        token_data = {
            'grant_type': 'client_credentials'
        }

        if self.scope:
            token_data['scope'] = self.scope

        headers = {
            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
            'Authorization': self._get_basic_auth_header()
        }

        try:
            response = requests.post(
                self.token_endpoint,
                data=token_data,
                headers=headers
            )
            response.raise_for_status()

            token_info = response.json()
            self._access_token = token_info['access_token']

            # Set token expiration (default to 1 hour if not specified)
            expires_in = token_info.get('expires_in', 3600)
            self._token_expires_at = time.time() + expires_in

            # Store additional token info
            self._token_type = token_info.get('token_type', 'Bearer')
            self._token_scope = token_info.get('scope', self.scope)

            print(f"Successfully obtained new access token. Expires in {expires_in} seconds.")
            return self._access_token

        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
            print(f"Error fetching token: {e}")
            if hasattr(e, 'response') and e.response is not None:
                print(f"Response content: {e.response.text}")
            raise

    def make_authenticated_request(
        self,
        method: str,
        url: str,
        **kwargs
    ) -> requests.Response:
        """
        Make an authenticated API request

        Args:
            method: HTTP method (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.)
            url: Request URL
            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to requests

        Returns:
            requests.Response object
        """
        # Ensure we have a valid token
        token = self.get_access_token()

        # Add authorization header
        headers = kwargs.pop('headers', {})
        headers['Authorization'] = f"Bearer {token}"

        # Make the request
        response = requests.request(method, url, headers=headers, **kwargs)

        # If we get a 401, try refreshing the token once
        if response.status_code == 401:
            print("Token expired, refreshing...")
            token = self.get_access_token(force_refresh=True)
            headers['Authorization'] = f"Bearer {token}"
            response = requests.request(method, url, headers=headers, **kwargs)

        response.raise_for_status()
        return response

    def get(self, url: str, **kwargs) -> requests.Response:
        """Make authenticated GET request"""
        return self.make_authenticated_request('GET', url, **kwargs)

    def post(self, url: str, **kwargs) -> requests.Response:
        """Make authenticated POST request"""
        return self.make_authenticated_request('POST', url, **kwargs)

    def put(self, url: str, **kwargs) -> requests.Response:
        """Make authenticated PUT request"""
        return self.make_authenticated_request('PUT', url, **kwargs)

    def delete(self, url: str, **kwargs) -> requests.Response:
        """Make authenticated DELETE request"""
        return self.make_authenticated_request('DELETE', url, **kwargs)

    def revoke_token(self) -> bool:
        """Revoke the current access token"""
        if not self._access_token:
            return True

        try:
            revoke_data = {
                'token': self._access_token,
                'token_type_hint': 'access_token'
            }

            headers = {
                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                'Authorization': self._get_basic_auth_header()
            }

            revoke_endpoint = self.token_endpoint.replace('/token', '/revoke')
            response = requests.post(revoke_endpoint, data=revoke_data, headers=headers)
            response.raise_for_status()

            # Clear stored token
            self._access_token = None
            self._token_expires_at = 0

            print("Token successfully revoked")
            return True

        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
            print(f"Error revoking token: {e}")
            return False


# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Configuration
    config = {
        "client_id": "your-client-id",
        "client_secret": "your-client-secret",
        "token_endpoint": "https://auth.example.com/oauth/token",
        "scope": "api:read api:write"
    }

    # Initialize OAuth2 client
    client = OAuth2ClientCredentials(**config)

    try:
        # Get access token
        token = client.get_access_token()
        print(f"Access token: {token[:20]}...")

        # Make authenticated API requests
        api_base_url = "https://api.example.com"

        # GET request
        response = client.get(f"{api_base_url}/users")
        users = response.json()
        print(f"Found {len(users)} users")

        # POST request
        new_user = {
            "name": "John Doe",
            "email": "[email protected]"
        }
        response = client.post(f"{api_base_url}/users", json=new_user)
        created_user = response.json()
        print(f"Created user: {created_user['id']}")

        # PUT request
        updated_user = {**created_user, "name": "John Smith"}
        response = client.put(f"{api_base_url}/users/{created_user['id']}", json=updated_user)
        print("User updated successfully")

        # DELETE request
        response = client.delete(f"{api_base_url}/users/{created_user['id']}")
        print("User deleted successfully")

        # Revoke token when done
        client.revoke_token()

    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error: {e}")

// OAuth 2.0 Resource Server Implementation
// Protects API endpoints with OAuth 2.0 token validation

import express from 'express';
import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken';
import axios from 'axios';
import rateLimit from 'express-rate-limit';

// Configuration interface
interface OAuth2Config {
    issuer: string;
    audience: string;
    introspectionEndpoint: string;
    jwksUri: string;
    requiredScope?: string[];
}

// Token information interface
interface TokenInfo {
    active: boolean;
    scope?: string;
    clientId?: string;
    username?: string;
    expiresAt?: number;
    issuedAt?: number;
    sub?: string;
    aud?: string[];
    iss?: string;
}

// JWT Key Store
class JWKSKeyStore {
    private keys: Map<string, any> = new Map();
    private lastRefresh: number = 0;
    private refreshInterval: number = 3600000; // 1 hour

    constructor(private jwksUri: string) {}

    async getKey(kid: string): Promise<any> {
        if (Date.now() - this.lastRefresh > this.refreshInterval) {
            await this.refreshKeys();
        }

        const key = this.keys.get(kid);
        if (!key) {
            await this.refreshKeys();
            return this.keys.get(kid);
        }
        return key;
    }

    private async refreshKeys(): Promise<void> {
        try {
            const response = await axios.get(this.jwksUri);
            const jwks = response.data;

            this.keys.clear();
            for (const jwk of jwks.keys) {
                this.keys.set(jwk.kid, jwk);
            }

            this.lastRefresh = Date.now();
            console.log('JWKS keys refreshed successfully');
        } catch (error) {
            console.error('Failed to refresh JWKS keys:', error);
            throw new Error('Unable to refresh JWKS keys');
        }
    }
}

// OAuth 2.0 Authentication Middleware
class OAuth2Middleware {
    private keyStore: JWKSKeyStore;

    constructor(private config: OAuth2Config) {
        this.keyStore = new JWKSKeyStore(config.jwksUri);
    }

    // Main authentication middleware
    authenticate() {
        return async (req: express.Request, res: express.Response, next: express.NextFunction) => {
            try {
                const token = this.extractToken(req);
                if (!token) {
                    return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Missing access token' });
                }

                const tokenInfo = await this.validateToken(token);
                if (!tokenInfo.active) {
                    return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid or expired token' });
                }

                if (!this.validateAudience(tokenInfo)) {
                    return res.status(403).json({ error: 'Invalid audience' });
                }

                if (!this.validateScope(tokenInfo)) {
                    return res.status(403).json({ error: 'Insufficient scope' });
                }

                // Attach token info to request
                (req as any).user = {
                    sub: tokenInfo.sub,
                    username: tokenInfo.username,
                    clientId: tokenInfo.clientId,
                    scope: tokenInfo.scope?.split(' ') || []
                };

                next();
            } catch (error) {
                console.error('Authentication error:', error);
                res.status(401).json({ error: 'Authentication failed' });
            }
        };
    }

    // Scope-based authorization middleware
    requireScope(requiredScopes: string[]) {
        return (req: express.Request, res: express.Response, next: express.NextFunction) => {
            const user = (req as any).user;

            if (!user || !user.scope) {
                return res.status(403).json({ error: 'No scope information available' });
            }

            const hasRequiredScope = requiredScopes.every(scope =>
                user.scope.includes(scope)
            );

            if (!hasRequiredScope) {
                return res.status(403).json({
                    error: 'Insufficient scope',
                    required: requiredScopes,
                    provided: user.scope
                });
            }

            next();
        };
    }

    private extractToken(req: express.Request): string | null {
        const authHeader = req.headers.authorization;
        if (!authHeader) {
            return null;
        }

        const parts = authHeader.split(' ');
        if (parts.length !== 2 || parts[0] !== 'Bearer') {
            return null;
        }

        return parts[1];
    }

    private async validateToken(token: string): Promise<TokenInfo> {
        try {
            // Try to validate as JWT first
            const decoded = jwt.decode(token, { complete: true });

            if (decoded && typeof decoded === 'object' && decoded.header.kid) {
                return await this.validateJWT(token, decoded);
            } else {
                // Fallback to introspection
                return await this.introspectToken(token);
            }
        } catch (error) {
            // If JWT validation fails, try introspection
            return await this.introspectToken(token);
        }
    }

    private async validateJWT(token: string, decoded: any): Promise<TokenInfo> {
        const header = decoded.header;
        const payload = decoded.payload;

        // Get signing key
        const key = await this.keyStore.getKey(header.kid);
        if (!key) {
            throw new Error('Signing key not found');
        }

        // Verify JWT signature and claims
        const verified = jwt.verify(token, this.getPublicKey(key), {
            issuer: this.config.issuer,
            audience: this.config.audience
        });

        return {
            active: true,
            sub: verified.sub,
            scope: verified.scope,
            clientId: verified.client_id || verified.azp,
            username: verified.preferred_username || verified.username,
            expiresAt: verified.exp,
            issuedAt: verified.iat,
            aud: verified.aud,
            iss: verified.iss
        };
    }

    private async introspectToken(token: string): Promise<TokenInfo> {
        // Note: This requires client credentials for the resource server
        // In a real implementation, these should be stored securely
        const response = await axios.post(this.config.introspectionEndpoint,
            new URLSearchParams({
                token: token,
                token_type_hint: 'access_token'
            }),
            {
                auth: {
                    username: process.env.RESOURCE_SERVER_CLIENT_ID || '',
                    password: process.env.RESOURCE_SERVER_CLIENT_SECRET || ''
                },
                headers: {
                    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
                }
            }
        );

        const data = response.data;
        return {
            active: data.active,
            sub: data.sub,
            scope: data.scope,
            clientId: data.client_id,
            username: data.username,
            expiresAt: data.exp,
            issuedAt: data.iat,
            aud: data.aud,
            iss: data.iss
        };
    }

    private validateAudience(tokenInfo: TokenInfo): boolean {
        if (!tokenInfo.aud) return false;

        const audiences = Array.isArray(tokenInfo.aud) ? tokenInfo.aud : [tokenInfo.aud];
        return audiences.includes(this.config.audience);
    }

    private validateScope(tokenInfo: TokenInfo): boolean {
        if (!this.config.requiredScope || this.config.requiredScope.length === 0) {
            return true;
        }

        if (!tokenInfo.scope) return false;

        const tokenScopes = tokenInfo.scope.split(' ');
        return this.config.requiredScope.every(required =>
            tokenScopes.includes(required)
        );
    }

    private getPublicKey(jwk: any): string {
        // Convert JWK to PEM format
        // This is a simplified version - in production, use a proper library like 'jwk-to-pem'
        const modulus = Buffer.from(jwk.n, 'base64url').toString('base64');
        const exponent = Buffer.from(jwk.e, 'base64url').toString('base64');

        const body = [
            '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----',
            ...this.chunkString(`MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA${modulus}${exponent}`, 64),
            '-----END PUBLIC KEY-----'
        ];

        return body.join('\n');
    }

    private chunkString(str: string, size: number): string[] {
        const chunks: string[] = [];
        for (let i = 0; i < str.length; i += size) {
            chunks.push(str.slice(i, i + size));
        }
        return chunks;
    }
}

// Example API Server Setup
function createResourceServer(): express.Application {
    const app = express();

    // Configuration
    const oauth2Config: OAuth2Config = {
        issuer: process.env.OAUTH2_ISSUER || 'https://auth.example.com',
        audience: process.env.OAUTH2_AUDIENCE || 'api://my-resource-server',
        introspectionEndpoint: process.env.OAUTH2_INTROSPECTION_ENDPOINT || 'https://auth.example.com/introspect',
        jwksUri: process.env.OAUTH2_JWKS_URI || 'https://auth.example.com/.well-known/jwks.json',
        requiredScope: ['api:read']
    };

    const oauth2 = new OAuth2Middleware(oauth2Config);

    // Middleware
    app.use(express.json());

    // Rate limiting
    const limiter = rateLimit({
        windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15 minutes
        max: 100 // limit each IP to 100 requests per windowMs
    });
    app.use(limiter);

    // Health check (no auth required)
    app.get('/health', (req, res) => {
        res.json({ status: 'healthy', timestamp: new Date().toISOString() });
    });

    // Protected routes
    const apiRouter = express.Router();
    apiRouter.use(oauth2.authenticate());

    // User profile - requires authentication
    apiRouter.get('/profile', (req, res) => {
        const user = (req as any).user;
        res.json({
            sub: user.sub,
            username: user.username,
            clientId: user.clientId,
            scopes: user.scope
        });
    });

    // Read users - requires api:read scope
    apiRouter.get('/users', oauth2.requireScope(['api:read']), (req, res) => {
        // Mock data
        const users = [
            { id: 1, name: 'John Doe', email: '[email protected]' },
            { id: 2, name: 'Jane Smith', email: '[email protected]' }
        ];
        res.json(users);
    });

    // Create user - requires api:write scope
    apiRouter.post('/users',
        oauth2.requireScope(['api:write']),
        (req, res) => {
            const { name, email } = req.body;

            if (!name || !email) {
                return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Name and email are required' });
            }

            // Mock user creation
            const newUser = {
                id: Date.now(),
                name,
                email,
                createdAt: new Date().toISOString()
            };

            res.status(201).json(newUser);
        }
    );

    // Admin endpoint - requires admin scope
    apiRouter.get('/admin/stats',
        oauth2.requireScope(['api:admin']),
        (req, res) => {
            res.json({
                totalUsers: 1000,
                activeUsers: 850,
                totalRequests: 50000,
                uptime: '99.9%'
            });
        }
    );

    app.use('/api', apiRouter);

    // Error handling
    app.use((err: Error, req: express.Request, res: express.Response, next: express.NextFunction) => {
        console.error('Unhandled error:', err);
        res.status(500).json({ error: 'Internal server error' });
    });

    return app;
}

// Start server
if (require.main === module) {
    const port = process.env.PORT || 3000;
    const app = createResourceServer();

    app.listen(port, () => {
        console.log(`Resource server listening on port ${port}`);
    });
}

export { OAuth2Middleware, createResourceServer, OAuth2Config };