# 宇宙膨胀

宇宙膨胀与演化的交互式可视化

> 标准页面: https://elysiatools.com/zh/visualizations/universe-expansion

- **分类:** Physics

## 概述

Interactive visualization of universe expansion with Hubble's law and cosmic evolution. Features the fundamental equations: Hubble's Law v = H₀·d (recessional velocity proportional to distance), Redshift z = (λ_obs - λ_emit)/λ_emit ≈ v/c (light wavelength stretches as space expands), Scale Factor a(t) = R(t)/R₀ (universe size relative to today), Hubble Parameter H(t) = ȧ(t)/a(t) (expansion rate), Friedmann Equation H² = H₀²[Ω_r/a⁴ + Ω_m/a³ + Ω_k/a² + Ω_Λ] (evolution of expansion). Real-time visualization includes: (1) Scale Factor Chart plotting a(t) vs time from Big Bang (t = -13.8 Gyr) to future (t = +20 Gyr), showing inflation, radiation-dominated, matter-dominated, and dark energy-dominated eras with current time marker; (2) Hubble Law View displaying galaxy recession with distance vs velocity linear relationship (Hubble diagram), individual galaxies with color-coded velocities, proportional expansion visualization; (3) Balloon Analogy showing 2D expansion analogy with galaxies on expanding surface, velocity vectors indicating recession, radius scaling with a(t); (4) Redshift Observation demonstrating spectral line shift from rest frame to observed frame, color spectrum showing redshift effect, emission/absorption lines with calculated z values; (5) Hubble Diagram plotting observational data (distance vs velocity) with best-fit line, galaxy distribution showing linear Hubble relationship; (6) Universe Composition pie chart displaying current cosmological parameters: Dark Energy Ω_Λ (~68%), Dark Matter Ω_m (~27%), Ordinary Matter (~5%) with dynamic updates based on user parameters; (7) Expansion Stages timeline showing cosmic evolution phases: Inflation (10⁻³⁶ to 10⁻³² s), Radiation Era (to 47,000 years), Matter Era (to ~9 Gyr), Dark Energy Era (~9 Gyr to present) with animated progression; (8) Future Fate visualization showing three scenarios: Big Freeze (heat death - eternal expansion, galaxies drift apart, cold empty universe), Big Rip (phantom energy tears apart spacetime), Big Crunch (matter-dominated collapse). Real-time value displays: Current time (Gyr), Scale factor a(t), Hubble constant H₀ (km/s/Mpc), Recession velocity (km/s), Redshift z, Velocity/c ratio, Distance (Mpc). Interactive parameters: Hubble constant H₀ (50-100 km/s/Mpc), Matter density Ω_m (0.1-1.0), Dark energy density Ω_Λ (0.0-1.0), Radiation density Ω_r (0.00001-0.01), Time scale (0.1-5x), Animation speed (0.1-3x), Galaxy count (10-100). Display options: toggle grid, galaxy trajectories. Presets: Standard Model (ΛCDM), Matter-Only Universe, Empty Universe, Accelerating Expansion, Decelerating Expansion. Educational content covers Universe expansion definition (metric expansion of space, galaxies recede, more distant galaxies recede faster, no center to expansion), Hubble's law explanation (linear relationship discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1929, measured using standard candles, redshift increases with distance), Scale factor and redshift (a=1 today, a<1 in past, a>1 in future, 1+z = 1/a relation), Universe composition (dark energy causing accelerated expansion discovered 1998, dark matter affecting structure formation, ordinary matter only 5%), Cosmic timeline (Big Bang, Inflation, nucleosynthesis, recombination, dark ages, first stars, galaxy formation, dark energy era), Future scenarios (Big Freeze most likely, Big Rip if phantom energy, Big Crunch if matter dominates). Multi-language support (zh, en, de, fr, es, pt, ru).

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