# 光电效应 - Photoelectric Effect

光电效应交互式可视化 - 光与物质的相互作用和量子力学

> 标准页面: https://elysiatools.com/zh/visualizations/photoelectric-effect

- **分类:** Physics

## 概述

Interactive visualization of the photoelectric effect demonstrating the quantum nature of light. Features the fundamental photoelectric equation: E_kinetic = hf - φ, where E_kinetic is the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons, h is Planck's constant (4.135667696×10⁻¹⁵ eV·s), f is the light frequency, and φ is the work function of the material. Real-time visualization includes: (1) Experimental setup animation showing metal plate (cathode), collector plate (anode), light source, and voltmeter with animated incident photons and emitted electrons whose speed varies with kinetic energy; (2) Light spectrum display (300-1000 THz) with color-coded regions (UV, violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, IR) showing current frequency marker and threshold frequency f₀ = φ/h; (3) I-V characteristic curve showing photocurrent vs applied voltage with cutoff voltage V₀ = (hf - φ)/e where current becomes zero; (4) Threshold frequency analysis graph plotting kinetic energy vs frequency with linear relationship KE = hf - φ. Interactive parameters: light frequency (300-1000 THz with color presets), light intensity (10-100%), work function φ (1.5-6.5 eV with metal type selection: Sodium 2.28 eV, Potassium 2.30 eV, Calcium 2.87 eV, Zinc 4.33 eV, Copper 4.65 eV, Silver 4.73 eV, Platinum 5.65 eV), applied voltage (-5.0 to +5.0 V). Display options: show/hide incident photons, emitted electrons, electric field lines, energy vectors. Presets include: Classical Prediction (low frequency, high intensity - no emission), Quantum Reality (high frequency, emission), At Threshold (f = f₀), Sodium Experiment (historical Millikan measurements). Educational content covers key experimental observations (threshold frequency, instantaneous emission, energy-frequency dependence, intensity effect on current not energy), Einstein's quantum explanation (photons with energy E = hf), historical significance (Hertz 1887 discovery, Lenard 1902 measurements, Einstein 1905 quantum theory, Millikan 1912-1915 confirmation, 1921 Nobel Prize), and practical applications (solar cells, photodiodes, photoelectric sensors, night vision, image sensors, photomultiplier tubes). Multi-language support (zh, en, de, fr, es, pt, ru).

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