# DNA双螺旋 - DNA Double Helix

DNA双螺旋结构交互式3D可视化 - 碱基配对、氢键和热变性

> 标准页面: https://elysiatools.com/zh/visualizations/dna-double-helix

- **分类:** Chemistry

## 概述

Interactive 3D visualization of DNA double helix structure with base pairing and thermal denaturation - Explore DNA molecular structure including sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine), Watson-Crick base pairing (A-T with 2 hydrogen bonds, G-C with 3 hydrogen bonds), major and minor grooves, antiparallel strand orientation (5'→3' and 3'→5'), helix dimensions (2.0 nm diameter, 3.4 nm pitch, ~10 bp/turn), and melting temperature calculation (T_m = 69.3 + 0.41×%GC - 650/length). Features Three.js-powered 3D visualization with interactive rotation and zoom, real-time melting curve showing denatured fraction vs temperature with sigmoidal transition at T_m, DNA sequence display showing 5'→3' and complementary 3'←5' strands with color-coded bases, and thermal denaturation animation where heating breaks hydrogen bonds and separates the double helix into single strands. Adjustable parameters: number of base pairs (10-50), rotation speed, scale, temperature (0-120°C), GC content (20-80%), display options (backbone, bases, hydrogen bonds, grooves, labels). Presets: random sequence, AT-rich (30% GC), GC-rich (70% GC), promoter (TATA box). Real-time value displays: helix diameter, pitch, base pair count, GC content, melting temperature, current temperature, denatured fraction. Educational content covers DNA discovery (Watson and Crick 1953), double helix structure fundamentals, base pairing specificity and hydrogen bonds, antiparallel nature and strand orientation, major/minor grooves and protein binding, DNA denaturation/renaturation and melting curves, factors affecting T_m (length, GC content, salt concentration), semi-conservative replication mechanism, and applications in PCR (polymerase chain reaction), DNA sequencing, genetic engineering, medical diagnostics, and forensic science. Perfect for molecular biology education, understanding nucleic acid structure, and learning about DNA biophysics.

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