# Tensão Superficial

Visualização interativa de fenômenos de tensão superficial - Explore a formação de gotas, forças moleculares, ação capilar e efeitos de ângulo de contato

> Página canônica: https://elysiatools.com/pt/visualizations/surface-tension

- **Categoria:** Physics

## Visão geral

Interactive visualization of surface tension phenomena - Explore droplet formation, molecular forces, capillary action, and contact angle effects. Features four comprehensive visualization modes: (1) Droplet Formation - Animated spherical droplet formation showing surface tension minimization effect, real-time surface tension coefficient (γ) calculation based on temperature, liquid type selection (Water, Ethanol, Mercury, Olive Oil, Glycerol) with accurate physical properties, pressure difference visualization using Laplace equation ΔP = γ(1/R₁ + 1/R₂), adjustable droplet size with surface tension force vectors pointing inward, and molecular animation showing surface molecule behavior. (2) Molecular Forces - Microscopic view of liquid molecules demonstrating cohesive forces, bulk molecules (pulled equally in all directions) vs surface molecules (no upward neighbors, net inward force), interactive force vector visualization showing F↓, F↙, F↘ directions, hydrogen bonding animation for water molecules, surface tension as net force causing surface area minimization, and temperature effect on molecular motion with particle animation. (3) Capillary Action - Dynamic capillary rise/fall simulation in glass tube, accurate height calculation using h = 2γcosθ/(ρgr) formula where γ = surface tension, θ = contact angle, ρ = density, g = gravity, r = tube radius, real-time meniscus shape rendering (concave for wetting liquids like water, convex for non-wetting like mercury), adjustable tube radius (0.1-2.0 mm), liquid property database with density and viscosity data, surface tension vector visualization at meniscus, height indicator with measurement display, and practical examples showing different contact angles on various surfaces (glass: 30° for water, 140° for mercury; Teflon: 110° for water; paraffin: 105° for water). (4) Contact Angle & Wetting - Interactive contact angle visualization with adjustable θ (0-180°), solid surface with realistic texture rendering, droplet shape deformation based on contact angle (spreading for θ < 90° hydrophilic, beading for θ > 90° hydrophobic), Young's equation force balance visualization: γ_sg = γ_sl + γ_lg·cosθ showing solid-gas, solid-liquid, and liquid-gas interface tensions, real-time wetting behavior classification (hydrophilic vs hydrophobic), superhydrophobic demonstration (lotus leaf effect with θ > 150°), and comparison of different liquid-solid pairings. Adjustable parameters: temperature (0-100°C) affecting surface tension via γ(T) = γ₀ + (dγ/dT)×T, liquid selection with accurate physical constants (Water: γ₀=75.6 mN/m at 0°C, ρ=998 kg/m³; Ethanol: γ₀=24.0 mN/m, ρ=789 kg/m³; Mercury: γ₀=490 mN/m, ρ=13534 kg/m³; Olive Oil: γ₀=35 mN/m, ρ=920 kg/m³; Glycerol: γ₀=66 mN/m, ρ=1260 kg/m³), animation speed control (0.1-3.0x), droplet size adjustment, tube radius for capillary mode, and contact angle parameter. Display options: show molecules animation, show force vectors, show grid overlay, real-time information panel displaying current surface tension value, temperature, contact angle, capillary height, and pressure difference. Comprehensive educational content covering: What is surface tension? (elastic sheet behavior, inward net force, surface area minimization), Molecular level explanation (cohesive forces, interior vs surface molecules, spherical droplets), Factors affecting surface tension (temperature dependence, critical point, intermolecular force strength, water vs mercury comparison), Capillary action applications (plants water transport, paper towels, inkjet printing, biological systems, Jurin's law), Contact angle and wetting (Young's equation, hydrophilic vs hydrophobic surfaces, superhydrophobic lotus effect, θ < 90° good wetting, θ > 90° poor wetting), and Practical applications (soap bubbles, water strider insects, raindrops, emulsions and foams, painting/coating, detergents and cosmetics, oil recovery). Physical equations rendered with clear notation: Surface force F = γL, Laplace equation ΔP = γ(1/R₁ + 1/R₂), Capillary height h = 2γcosθ/(ρgr), and Young's equation γ_sg = γ_sl + γ_lg·cosθ. Responsive layout with phenomenon selection panel, main visualization canvas, real-time statistics display, liquid properties detail panel, comprehensive controls section with sliders and buttons, and extensive explanation section. Multi-language support (zh, en, es, fr, de, ru, pt) with complete translations of all interface elements, educational content, and scientific terminology. Canvas-based rendering with smooth animations, force vector arrows, gradient shading for realistic liquid appearance, and interactive parameter adjustment.

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